Onuphidae (lat.) - a family of marine polychaete worms from the order Eunicida [2] . These worms can reach 3 m in length and consist of more than 1000 segments [3] . Onufids are widespread in the World Ocean; they are found both in the tidal zone and at great depths [4] .
| Onuphidae | ||||||||||||
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 Onuphis sp., Front of the body, side view | ||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||
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| Latin name | ||||||||||||
| Onuphidae Kinberg, 1865 [1] |
Content
Morphology
The head lobe carries three pairs of antennas and one pair of palps having annular supports at the base - ceratophores. At the front edge of the prostomium are two frontal lobes. On the border of the prostomium and peristomy, there are paired ciliary strips - nuchal organs. Some representatives have eyes. The oral opening is located ventrally and is surrounded by paired upper lips and an unpaired lower lip. The buccal section carries a muscular pharynx with a pair of fused mandibles and a complexly arranged maxillary apparatus consisting of a series of dental plates. The peristomium consists of one segment, which often carries a pair of peristomial antennae, sometimes antennae may be absent. The front several pairs of parapodia (from 2 to 8) can vary greatly, noticeably enlarge or become elongated. Body segments often carry dorsal gills located at the base of the parapodia. Gills are simple antennae, comb or spiral. Anal burst carries two or four antennae. Parapodia are sub-branched with well-developed neuropodia and nototopia, reduced to a bundle of internal setae — acycles located inside the dorsal parapodial antennae [3] .
Lifestyle
Most onufids live in pipes, several species lead a digging lifestyle. Tubes are extremely diverse in shape and composition. Representatives of the genera Hyalinoecia and Leptoecia build fully secreted organic tubes. Worms from the genus Nothria live in flat tubes consisting of a thin inner layer covered with fragments of mollusk shells or small pebbles. Both Nothria , Hyalinoecia and Leptoecia live on the surface of the ground, actively moving with massive front parapodia. These worms are omnivorous scavengers, feeding on various remains of animal origin. Representatives of the genus Diopatra live in vertical tubes, consisting of a thin-walled part located below the surface of the substrate and a complex sub-substrate part covered with various particles of soil, shells of mollusks and foraminifera, fragments of algae and higher plants. Some species of Diopatra are peculiar “farmers”, eating small invertebrates that populate the complex structure of the upper part of their own tube. Worms from the genus Longibrachium live in short, vertical, silty tubes completely submerged in the ground. These worms are ambush predators. Their modified elongated parapodia located on the front segments of the body are equipped with long hook-shaped bristles that are adapted to capture large prey. Many onufids from the genera Onuphis , Kinbergonuphis , Mooreonuphis and Paradiopatra live in simple cylindrical silty or sandy pipes in the thickness of the soil .
Reproduction
Fossil Residues
Fossil remains of the species † Dualgenys erecta Courtinat, 1998 were found in sediments of the Jurassic period (France) [5] .
Systematics
Onufids include two monophyletic subfamilies: Hyalinoeciinae Paxton, 1986 and Onuphinae Kinberg, 1865, 22 genera and about 300 species [4] .
- Hyalinoeciinae Paxton, 1986
- Anchinothria Paxton, 1986
- Hyalinoecia Malmgren, 1867
- Hyalospinifera Kucheruk, 1979
- Leptoecia Chamberlin, 1919
- Nothria Malmgren, 1866
- Onuphinae Kinberg, 1865
- Americonuphis Fauchald, 1973
- Aponuphis Kucheruk, 1978
- Australonuphis Paxton, 1986
- Brevibrachium Paxton, 1986
- Diopatra Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833
- Fauchaldonuphis Paxton, 2005
- Hartmanonuphis Paxton, 1986
- Heptaceras Ehlers, 1868
- Hirsutonuphis Paxton, 1986
- Kinbergonuphis Fauchald, 1982
- Longibrachium Paxton, 1986
- Mooreonuphis Fauchald, 1982
- Onuphis Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833
- Paradiopatra Ehlers, 1887
- Paxtonia Budaeva & Fauchald, 2011
- Protodiopatra Budaeva & Fauchald, 2011
- Rhamphobrachium Ehlers, 1887
Notes
- ↑ Kinberg JGH 1865. Annulata nova. Öfversigt af Königlich Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar, Stockholm, 21 (10): 559-574.
- ↑ WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species: Kroh, A .; Hansson, H. (2012). Onuphidae . In: Read, G .; Fauchald, K. (2012) World Polychaeta database.
- ↑ 1 2 Paxton H. 1986. Generic revision and relationships of the family Onuphidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Records of the Australian Museum 38: 1-74.
- ↑ 1 2 Budaeva N., Schepetov D., Zanol J., Neretina T., Willassen E. When molecules support morphology: Phylogenetic reconstruction of the family Onuphidae (Eunicida, Annelida) based on 16S rDNA and 18S rDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2015.10.01.011.
- ↑ Courtinat B. 1998. New genera and new species of scolecodonts (fossil annelids) with paleoenvironmental and evolutionary considerations. Micropaleontology, 44 (4).
Literature
- Fauchald, K. 1968. Onuphidae (Polychaeta) from western Mexico. Allan Hancock Monogr. mar. biol. 3: 1-82.
- Budaeva N., Schepetov D., Zanol J., Neretina T., Willassen E. When molecules support morphology: Phylogenetic reconstruction of the family Onuphidae (Eunicida, Annelida) based on 16S rDNA and 18S rDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2015.10.10.011
- Paxton H. 1986. Generic revision and relationships of the family Onuphidae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Records of the Australian Museum 38: 1-74.
- Courtinat B. 1998. New genera and new species of scolecodonts (fossil annelids) with paleoenvironmental and evolutionary considerations. Micropaleontology, 44 (4).
- Kinberg JGH 1865. Annulata nova. Öfversigt af Königlich Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar, Stockholm, 21 (10): 559-574.
Links
- Onuphidae . In: Read, G .; Fauchald, K. (2012) World Polychaeta database. WoRMS.
- eol.org: Onuphidae