Francois Henriot ( fr. François Hanriot ; December 3, 1759 , Nanterre - July 28, 1794 , Paris ) - French revolutionary, commander in chief of the National Guard of Paris after the uprising of May 31 - June 2, 1793 before the Thermidorian coup on July 27, 1794. After the uprising of the Paris Commune, 9 thermidors in support of the arrested robespierists were outlawed by the Convention and executed without trial or investigation the next day, 10 thermidors (July 28, 1794). One of the streets of his native Nanterre ( fr. Rue François Hanriot ) is named after him.
| Francois Henriot | |
|---|---|
| fr. François Hanriot | |
 | |
| Date of Birth | December 3, 1759 |
| Place of Birth | Nanterre , France |
| Date of death | July 28, 1794 ( 34) |
| Place of death | Paris , France |
| Affiliation | French National Guard |
| Years of service | 1790-1794 |
| Rank | Division General |
Origin
From a family of poor peasants in the service of a Parisian bourgeois named Juderet ( French Juderet ). Father Edme Hanriot ( French Edme Hanriot ) died November 16, 1787 at the age of 72, mother Margaret Davuan ( French Marguerite Davoine ). The elder sister, Marie-Cécile ( fr. Marie-Cécile ), was born in 1753. He learned to read and write, although there is no evidence that he studied at a parish school, which enabled him to work first in Paris as a messenger with a notary [1] . In 1789, Henriot worked as a clerk at one of the tax outposts of Paris ( French Paris octroi ) [2] [3] . During the riot on July 12-13, 1789 in Paris, which led to the capture of the Bastille , he joined the rebels. He participated in the destruction of tax documents, for which he was temporarily arrested; released in 1790 thanks to the campaign of Marat in the press in defense of those arrested [4] .
The early years of the revolution
In 1790, Paris was divided into 48 sections, which comprised 48 revolutionary nerve centers in Paris. Henrio belonged to the 47th section, the Botanical Garden ( fr. Jardin des Plantes ), adjacent to the Seine embankment. After August 10, 1792, this section became known as the Sankulot section ( French sans-culottes ).
June 20, 1791 and King Louis XVI fled with his family from the Tuileries . This event struck with thunder and the National Assembly , and the municipality, and the entire population of the capital. The events of these days were called the Varenna Crisis. The treason of the king, obvious to everyone, gave rise to an acute political crisis. The idea of abolishing the monarchy and establishing a republican regime continued to gain momentum. The club of cordealers was led by the movement of the masses, who insisted on the abdication of the "traitor king" from power.
The altar of the Fatherland on the Field of Mars has become a theater of popular demonstrations. The Cordealers launched agitation against this Constituent Assembly policy. They made a petition calling not to submit to the unlawful power of the traitor king. The leadership of the movement remained in the hands of the cordealers - Eber, Bonville, Shomet, Coffinal, Momoro. At their suggestion, on the "altar of the fatherland", a petition was compiled on July 17, 1791 on the Field of Mars. Although she did not mention directly the republic, in essence it was certainly of a republican character. More than 6 thousand people signed under it, including François Henriot, Chaumet, Ebert, Henriot, Coffinal, which indicates that Henriot is an active member of the Cordelier Club. [5] . After several warning shots were unsuccessfully fired, the National Guards fired directly at the crowd. About 50 people were killed and hundreds wounded. For the first time, one part of the third estate came forward with arms in hand against another part of it.
On December 8, 1793, Henriot, being the commander in chief of the National Guard, referring to the events of July 17, 1791, announced in the Paris Commune: “I will never use military force against the people; not bayonets should be used to enforce laws, but a weapon of reason ”( Fr. “ Je ne commanderai jamais la force armée contre le peuple; ce ne sont pas des baïonnettes dont on doit se servir pour faire exécuter des arrêtés, mais bien des armes de la raison " ) [6] .
In 1792, François Henriot, by this time the captain of the battalion of the National Guard section of the Botanical Garden, participated in the uprising on August 10, 1792, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy [7] . He was accused by opponents of actively participating in the September killings , although his name is not on the list of accused in 1795. It is believed that he was confused with another name - Umber Henriot ( FR. Humbert Henriot ) [8] .
Determining the activities of Anrio in the life of his section is quite difficult, but you can be sure that he was not a passive observer. Thus, in the report of the Minister of the Interior, Girondins Roland, one can find: "Anrio, the battalion commander of the Sankyulot section, is a supporter of the Mountain and the Commune, a radical representative of the military unit of his section." At this time, Henriot lives at , a street that has not changed its name since the 18th century. House No. 21, where Anrio lived, was demolished in 1907 [9] .
National Guard Commander
In May 1793, Anriot actively participated in the fight against the Girondinsky part of the Convention. One of the compilers of the appeal of the Sankulot section to the Convention [pr 1] . In the absence of Santer , who was sent to Vendée to suppress the counter-revolutionary uprising, he was appointed interim commander in chief of the Paris National Guard, which indicates his fame in the sections and the confidence of the leaders of the uprising in him. From Schomett's notes on the events of May 31 - June 2: - “The Revolutionary General Council appoints citizen Henriot, commander of the forces of the Sankyulot section, interim commander. A new headquarters is instantly created, which takes a revolutionary oath. Each officer at his post awaits the orders of the commander, and all citizens are ready to speak at the first signal ” [11] . The first concern of Anriot was the establishment of control over the key positions of the capital - the Arsenal ( FR. Bassin de l'Arsenal ), the Palais Royal and the Pont Neuf bridge . He orders the closure of city outposts and the arrest of suspicious [12] .
On the night of June 1 to 2, the revolutionary committee, in agreement with the Commune, ordered Henriot to "surround the Convention with armed force sufficient to arouse respect, and so that the leaders of the conspiracy could be arrested during the day if the Convention refuses to satisfy the fair demands of Parisian citizens." Orders were issued to ban the Girondinsky newspapers and the arrest of their editors [13] .
The next day, June 2, the city was already on its feet in the early morning. The National Guard surrounded the Convention. Henriot brought all artillery to the Convention; 163 cannons from all sides placed their vents on the Convention. In addition to the National Guard, the Revolutionary Committee mobilized the sans culottes of the sections. The 100,000th army occupied all the streets adjacent to the Convention. To prevent any reason for bloodshed and use armed force only as pressure on the Convention, Anrio placed in the forefront the most reliable battalions of the national guard. Henriot gave a strict order not to let in and not let out a single deputy in the courtroom [14] .
In the Convention, MP Lacroix ran into the hall and, rushing to the podium, announced that he was not allowed to leave and that the Convention was no longer free [Pr 2] . Most of the congregation became outraged against Anrio and his troops. Barer invites the Convention to go out to the people. “Deputies! - he says, - take care of your freedom; interrupt the meeting and force the bayonets that threaten us to sink before us ” [16] .
And the Convention, in addition to about 30 deputies of the Mountain, led by its president Ero de Seschel, tried in a theatrical procession to go through the wall of steel that surrounded them. At the gates leading to Carousel Square, their path was blocked by Anrio on a horse, with a saber in his hand, surrounded by his headquarters and national guards. “What does the people require? Asked President Hero de Séchelles. “The Convention cares exclusively about his happiness.” “Ero,” replied Anrio, “the people did not rebel in order to hear the next phrases. He requires twenty-two traitors. If the people don’t receive them within an hour, I will turn your Convention into a pile of ruins! ” “Give us all!” Voices came around the president. Anrio turned to his gunners and gave the order: “Canonniers, a vos pieces!” (Gunners, to the guns!) [16] [pr 3] .
At a meeting of the rebellious Commune on June 11, Anrio resigned as interim commander of the National Guard. The tension and uncertainty in Paris after the uprising was especially revealing during the election of the permanent commander on June 16. Henriot remains a candidate for the radical sections and the Commune. And yet in the first round, Rafet ( fr. Raffet ), the candidate for the more moderate sections gets more votes - 4,956 against 4,575 . The final vote is scheduled for Saturday, June 29, sections convene at 4 pm. Section activists increase the pressure in the sections for the candidacy of Henriot, to the extent that the Paris Commune openly declares that it will not approve the candidate Rafe if elected. As a result of this pressure, Anrio wins. Of the 15,334 votes cast, he collected 9,034, and Rafe - 6,095; 155 votes invalid. [18] On July 3, 1793, he was promoted to brigadier general, and after the events of September 5, he was awarded the rank of division general on September 19, 1793.
Thermidor
9 Thermidor government crisis peaked. In the Convention, Robespierre and his supporters were not allowed to speak, and a guilty decree was issued against them. It was also decided that Arriot and , the president of the Revolutionary Tribunal, should be arrested, both Robespierre supporters to rob Robespierre of his general and his judge. The convention decreed these arrests. At the additional suggestion of , it was decided to arrest the assistant and adjutants Anrio [19] .
Events were a complete surprise to everyone. The commune refused to comply with the orders of the Convention. Everyone remembered the events of August 10 and May 31 - there was a mechanism of rebellion and participants, especially Henriot, as the commander of the national guard, experience and role in the uprising against the Gironde. But this time the circumstances were different. The commune and sections were filled with proteges and committee agents. The destruction of the Ebertists and the suppression of section activists generated apathy and a sense of submission to the government. The mechanism of the uprising was damaged, which was what the policies of the Jacobin government, including the Robespierists themselves, led in the previous months [20] . “The revolution was frozen, all its principles were weakened, there was only a red cap on the heads of intrigue, ” wrote Saint-Just at that time [21] . In addition, on 5th Thermidor (July 23), the Commune published a new maximum ( French maximum des salaires ), limiting the wages of wage earners (in some cases, twice) and provoking a sharp protest in sections [22] .
After receiving news from the Convention, the mayor of Paris, Fleriot Lescaut, gives the order to close the city outposts, sound the alarm and calls on the sections of Paris to join the uprising. Henriot immediately begins to give orders to the National Guard, to the commanders of six legions - to place 400 guardsmen at the town hall of the Commune ( fr. Hôtel de Ville de Paris ), mobilize the horse gendarmerie and send artillery sections. It seemed that Henriot took all measures to mobilize the armed forces in support of the rebellious Commune, but subsequent events showed that it was not so simple. The sections and the Jacobin Club announce the continuity of meetings. Of the 48 sections of Paris, 27 requested instructions from the Commune, but only 16 sent a national guard [23] .
Then, with several gendarmes, Anriot tries to free the arrested deputies. In a fit of reckless courage, he rushed to the Committee for Public Safety, hoping to free Robespierre, but was arrested himself. The General Council of the Commune found out about the arrest of Henriot at about 6 o’clock. The municipality calls on the assembled in front of the Guardsmen Town Hall: “the arrested patriots need to be released. Go ahead, gunners, go ahead citizens, save our homeland again! ”( Fr. " Il faut nous transporter à la Convention pour demander la liberté des patriotes. Allons, canonniers, allons citoyens, et sauvons encore une fois la patrie! " ). The coffin , led by troops loyal to the Commune, broke into the Convention, found Henriot there and freed him. Many historians - Mathiez , for example, including Soviet historians ( Volgin , Tarle , Manfred ), believed that Henriot made a fatal mistake without capturing the Convention and arresting the conspirators. However, when reading the sources cited by 19th-century historians Bueshez , Thiers , , we can conclude that Henriot most likely could not do this at that moment [Pr 4] . Coffinal's troops gladly liberated Anriot, his commander, but this did not mean at all that they were ready to direct their guns against the Convention. Anrio orders to return to the town hall.
Convention meeting July 27, 1794 (9th Thermidor II years), 7 pm
Gupillo: I bring to the attention of the Convention that Henriot fled and that he was being taken away in triumph.
(The assembly shudders in horror)
(This proposal is accepted among applause)
(applause)
One member of the Convention reports that Henrio is in the square of the National Palace and gives orders there.
The whole assembly: Beyond his law! Outlaw!
(applause)
Enlighten the people and then we can neglect all the dangers.
One by one, the arrested deputies gather at the Town Hall. The Commune has more troops [28] . But gradually, a wave of confrontation began to turn in favor of the Convention. Некоторые секции начали отзывать свои батальоны от защиты Коммуны и посылать их на сторону Конвента. Оставшиеся войска, оставшись без лидеров и ясной цели, постепенно стали расходиться. Анрио приказал осветить факелами всю площадь. В 1:30 утра 10 термидора последние 200 канониров секции Финистер ( фр. Finistère ) Сен-Марсельского предместья покинули Гревскую площадь [22] .
Около 2 часов утра, две колонны Конвента, одна, во главе с Баррасом и национальной гвардией западных кварталов, и другая, Леонара Бурдона с гвардейцами секции Гравилье, находят площадь перед Ратушей опустевшей. Войска Конвента врываются в зал заседаний. Леба совершает самоубийство, Огюстен Робеспьер бросается из окна и ломает ногу, паралитика Кутона в коляске столкнули вниз по лестнице. У Робеспьера выстрелом из пистолета раздроблена челюсть [29] .
Все арестованные (22 человека) были доставлены в Комитет общественной безопасности. 10 термидора в полдень по приказанию Бийо-Варенна осужденных перевели в тюрьму Консьержери . Анрио и Робеспьера-младшего нашли во внутреннем дворе ратуши спустя несколько часов в бессознательном состоянии. Даже покончившего с собой Леба повезли на эшафот. Вечером 10 термидора (28 июля 1794) Робеспьер, Сен-Жюст, Кутон, Анрио и их сторонники были казнены без суда и следствия. На следующий день был казнен семьдесят один функционер восставшей Коммуны — крупнейшая массовая казнь за всю историю революции [30] .
Notes
- Comments
- ↑ Обращение общего собрания секции Санкюлотов к Конвенту (31 мая 1793 г.)
Представители народа, Уже давно, и даже слишком давно, целые семьи наших братьев страдают и умирают от нужды, и слишком давно, дороговизна продуктов питания первои необходимости лишает множество граждан их продовольствия. Необходимо обуздать наконец ненасытную алчность гнусных эгоистов, которые спекулируют на крови несчастных и используют народную нищету как основу, на которой вырастают их собственные состояния. Поскольку и в самом деле этих монополистов не волнует ни зрелище несчастий им подобных, ни вопли, издаваемые бедностью, ни стенания их жертв, поскольку ничто не может заставить дрогнуть эти твердокаменные сердца. Представители народа, сделайте же так, чтобы на них обрушriлся меч национального правосудия, и положите конец их преступлениям... ...мы требуем от вас таксации цен на продовольственные товары первой необходимости, приведения в соответствие их стоимости с оплатой труда каждого таким образом, чтобы любой человек мог беспрепятственно приобрести эти товары. Мы требуем от вас, чтобы этот благодетельный закон был распространен на всю республику. Если в тот самый момент, когда народ поднимается, наша секция все же еще раз обращается к вам, то это в надежде, что вы используете на благо народа то оружие, которое она снова готова вам предоставить, и ту сувереннуtо власть, осуществление которой она на вас возлагает; так прислушаитесь же к её голосу и предотвратите те печальные эксцессы, первои жертвои которых она по причине отчаяния и ярости может стать вместе с вами. [ ... ]
Р. Ж. Дардель, председатель.
Анрио, временно исполняющий обязанности секретаря. [10] - ↑ Депутат Лакруа потребовал отвести войска от Конвента. Ответ командующего национальной гвардии Анрио был дан в более грубой форме:
«Dis à ton foutre président que je me foutre de lui et de son Assemblée, et que si, dans une heure, elle ne me livre pas les vingt-deux, je la ferai foudroyer» [15] - ↑ Жирондист Гаде, вспоминая об этом дне, приводил красочные подробности, опущенные Шометтом: «дойдя до площади Карусель, где собрался штаб национальной гвардии, председатель Конвента огласил декрет, содержащий требование не препятствовать выходу депутатов, а также предписание военной силе удалиться. Анрио, только что поставленный заговорщиками во главе вооруженных сил, Анрио, все еще покрытый с ног до головы пролитой в сентябре кровью, отвечает, что не станет выполнять никаких приказов, пока Конвент не выдаст депутатов, которых требует народ; председатель приказывает солдатам арестовать этого мятежника. Но Анрио заставляет свою лошадь отступить на 15 шагов, хватается, как и все члены его штаба, за саблю и кричит: "К оружию! Канониры, к пушкам!" Канониры берутся за фитили, кавалерия обнажает сабли, пехота берет ружья наизготовку». [17]
- ↑ Матьез: — «Он мог бы закончить борьбу, легко захватив членов Комитетов, которые растерялись и обратились в бегство» [24]
Волгин: — «Не завершив дела, не использовав явной удачи, робеспьеристы допустили ошибку: они не попытались закрепить за собой здание Конвента, разогнать депутатов, арестовать вождей заговора. Им было тем легче сделать это, что они имели на своей стороне Коммуну, значительную часть Якобинсного клуба и национальной гвардии, по крайней мере её командиров. Однако дело было погублено медлительностью и нерешительностью восставших» [25]
Вот как этот момент описывает Тьер: — «Анрио, как только он был освобожден, поспешил на площадь Карусели, где он обнаружил, что его лошади всё еще там, где он их оставил, прыгнул на одну из них, и с большим присутствием духа, поведал его войскам, что Комитет только что признал его невиновным, и восстановил его в его команде. Секционные гвардейцы собрались вокруг него и он начал отдавать приказы против Конвента...
В этот момент Анрио, который ввёл в заблуждение канониров, и побуждал их против депутатов Конвента, приказал им открыть огонь; но они колебались повиноваться ему. Некоторые из депутатов кричали, "Канониры, не позорьте себя! Он вне закона!". Услышав это канониры отказались подчиниться приказу...» [26] - ↑ Захер пишет — «А когда войскам Коммуны, посредством неожиданного налета, удается около 8-30 час. вечера завладеть Комитетом Общей Безопасности и освободить Анрио, то последний, вместо того, чтобы воспользоваться случаем и повести перешедшую на его сторону конвентскую охрану на штурм Конвента, уводит ее на площадь Ратуши. При такой тактике Коммуны ее поражение в этот день, было, само собой разумеется, совершенно неизбежным, и даже те секции, которые вначале стали на ее сторону, должны были уже очень скоро круто переменить фронт, что, как мы знаем, в действительности и случилось.»
Что противоречит им же самим цитирование отчёта Монитор о событих — «...Артиллеристы тотчас же стали на мою сторону. Адъютант Анрио пригрозил мне своей шпагой, но артиллеристы защитили меня от него...».
- Sources
- ↑ Moreau, 2010 , с. eleven.
- ↑ Thompson, 1959 , с. 353.
- ↑ Doyle, 2002 , с. 234.
- ↑ Moreau, 2010 , с. 12.
- ↑ Hampson, 1988 , с. 106.
- ↑ Moreau, 2010 , с. 15.
- ↑ Матьез, 1995 , с. 323.
- ↑ Bustin, 2005 , с. 426.
- ↑ Moreau, 2010 , с. 20.
- ↑ Адо, 1990 , с. 306.
- ↑ Адо, 1990 , с. 304.
- ↑ Thompson, 1959 , с. 354.
- ↑ Матьез, 1995 , с. 325.
- ↑ Doyle, 2002 , с. 235.
- ↑ Mortimer-Ternaux, 1868-81 , с. 406.
- ↑ 1 2 Минье, 2006 , с. 298.
- ↑ Адо, 1990 , с. 305.
- ↑ Moreau, 2010 , с. 32-34.
- ↑ Bouloiseau, 1983 , с. 225.
- ↑ Schama, 1989 , с. 796.
- ↑ Andress, 2006 , с. 288.
- ↑ 1 2 Rude, 1967 , с. 136.
- ↑ Soboul, 1974 , с. 411.
- ↑ Матьез, 1995 , с. 570.
- ↑ Волгин, 1941 , с. 487.
- ↑ Thiers, 1895 , с. 101.
- ↑ Захер, 1926 , с. 97.
- ↑ Bouloiseau, 1983 , с. 226.
- ↑ Матьез, 1995 , с. 572.
- ↑ Soboul, 1974 , с. 412.
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