Finnish-Permian languages are one of the two branches of Finno-Ugric languages . Another branch are Ugric languages . Languages are distributed in Russia , Finland , Estonia , Norway and Sweden .
| Finnish-Permian languages | |
|---|---|
| Taxon | sub-branch |
| Area | Russia , Finland , Estonia , Sweden , Norway |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Ural family
| |
| Composition | |
| Perm group , Mari group , Finno-Volga group | |
| Separation time | beginning of the 2nd millennium BC e. [one] |
| Match rate | 40.64% |
| Language group codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-5 | - |
Finnish-Permian languages include:
- perm group
- Udmurt language
- Komi language with two literary options:
- Komi-Zyryan language
- Komi-Permian language
- Finno-Mari
- mari group
- Mountain Mari (Western)
- meadow east mari
- Finno-Volga group
- Mordovian subgroup
- Erzyan
- Moksha language
- Finno-Volga languages, the exact place in the classification is unclear :
- Merian language †
- Murom †
- Meshchersky language †
- Baltic-Finnish subgroup (Finnish)
- Finnish language
- meyankiel
- Izhora
- Karelian language
- Vepsian language
- water language
- North Estonian (Estonian proper)
- South Estonian
- Livonian - Northern Latvia †
- Finnish language
- Sami subgroup
- West Sami cluster
- South Sami - Norway and Sweden
- Uma Sami (Uume) - Norway and Sweden
- Lule Sami (luule) - Norway and Sweden
- Pit Sami (Pit) - Norway and Sweden
- Northern Sami - Norway , Sweden and Finland
- East Sami cluster
- Babyn Sami (Akkala) † - Russia
- Kemi Sami † - Central Sami
- Inari Sámi - Finland
- Yokang-Sámi (Terso-Sámi) - Russia
- Kildin Sami - Russia
- Colt-Sami language (Skolt, incl. Notozersky dialect in Russia)
- West Sami cluster
- Mordovian subgroup
- mari group
Native speakers
The economy of native Finnish-Permian speakers, inhabitants of the Volga forest zone, was still predominantly appropriating and was based on hunting and fishing. At the same time, among the more developed Aryan and Prabaltic cultures of the Bronze Age, they begin to adopt elements of agriculture and cattle breeding, as evidenced by the corresponding words and borrowings common to Finnish-Permian languages [2] :
- * jewä 'grain, bread in grain' <Aryan. * iawa
- * kʊ̈ntɜ 'bread in grain, seeds'
- * riŋe-še ' riga , ovin '
- * ésuka 'aw, chaff ' <Aryan: other ind. ésūka-
- * pošɜ 'sieve, sift; blow the grain '
- * oča 'sheep' <protobalt. * ovikā
- * porśas 'pig' <protobalt. * poršas
Apparently, farming played an auxiliary narrow special role so far - grain was grown for making beer or mash:
- * surɜ 'beer' <ar .: dr.-ind. surā 'alcoholic drink'
- * taŋka / * takka 'brush, fringe; hops ' <Iran .: Osset. tag 'strip, strand'
- * čoše 'barley; malt '
- * jimä 'malt, salamata '
- * čamćɜ 'sour'
Only after the collapse of the Finno-Permian unity, by the end of the 2nd millennium BC e., agriculture will become an important part of the economy of the Finno-Volzhans and Great-Permians . As the transition to agriculture and the spread of sheep breeding, salt becomes necessary in the diet, the name of which * sōla is also of Proto-Baltic origin.
Notes
- ↑ Blažek, Václav . Uralic Migrations: The Linguistic Evidence
- ↑ Napolskikh V.V. On the Origin of the Names of Salt in the Finno-Permian Languages // Linguistica Uralica LI 2015 3