Mirabeau, Victor Ricketi

Mirabeau came from an ancient Provencal family, distinguished by ardor and independence, and received the most severe upbringing in his childhood, which contributed to the development of his own “adamant, stubborn, proud character”. For 14 years he was drafted into military service, but his efforts to get a regiment were not successful. After the death of his father, in 1737 , Mirabeau inherited almost all his fortune and completely indulged in the suggestions of his unrestrained nature, but did not, however, remain alien and more lofty aspirations. He wrote poetry and prose, comedy and tragedy in the company of his friends Vovenarg and Lefran de Pompignan . In 1737 he met and became close to Montesquieu , who aroused his interest in political ideas, which resulted in the first written but not published work of Mirabeau: “The Political Testament” (1747). Here, the best way to ensure the welfare of France is Mirabeau's return to a moderate feudal regime. After 3 years (1750) Mirabeau published, without a signature, the memoir “Sur les états provinciaux”, in which he advocated that the provincial states , with some changes, be introduced throughout the state, as a management system much less burdensome for the people than management through the quartermaster .

In 1756, Mirabeau made the composition "Friend of the people" ( Ami des hommes ). “By loving the strong and supporting the middle, the government must respect the small.” Mirabeau attached great importance to agriculture as the only source of welfare of the state. He demanded religious tolerance, freedom of trade and rebelled against government loans and rents, saying that "a rentier is a enjoying parasite, to whom society owes most of its evils." Mirabeau’s book brought the author numerous friends and fans throughout Europe. She was attributed to Fr. Kene , although Mirabeau only later met the head of the physiocrats and was imbued with unlimited enthusiasm for him. Kene clarified to him many thoughts that vaguely roamed in his head, and helped bring them into the system. Since then, Mirabeau has devoted himself entirely to the development of his friend’s formulas, applying them to everything, understanding everything with them. In 1760 he published The Théorie des impôts, where he passionately attacks the tax collectors, as a result of which he is imprisoned for a week in Vincennes and then sent to exile at his Bignon estate. In 1765, he acquired the Journal de l'agriculture, du commerce et des finances and converted it to the organ of the physiocratic school. Among his writings are Philosophie rurale or Economie générale et particulière de l'agriculture (1764), Lettres sur le commerce des grains (1768), Les Economiques (1769), Lettres économiques (1770) , “La Science ou les droits et les devoirs de l'homme” (1774), “Lettres sur la lé gislation” (1775), “Education civile d'un prince” (1788).

Mirabeau's reputation as a writer falls; at the same time, his reputation as a man falls, influenced by family stories, due in part to his unsuccessful marriage, and partly to his unbridled nature. In 1747, he married Maria Vassan, a 17-year-old widow whom he did not know at all and whose condition was barely enough to satisfy her personal needs; but she had brilliant hopes for inheritance, and this seduced Mirabeau, inspired by the desire to exalt his family and give him a brilliant position (“fair e d'une maison en Provence, une maison en France”). One grandiose enterprise is replaced by another, and they lead to an ever greater confusion of affairs, especially since the inheritance expected by his wife is received by her only 27 years after marriage. “The constant work of my life was to seek money,” says Mirabeau, “and I swear that I never used it for my own needs.” The lack of funds forced him to be prudent and pinched in relation to his wife and children, which aroused hostility in him. In addition, the spouses were both too impulsive and ardent and did not fit well with each other. Mirabeau had been hiding his family feuds for a long time, but they were brought to light by the scandalous process initiated by his wife. Children participated in this struggle, taking the side of either father or mother. A particularly active role was played by the famous Honore Mirabeau , who first defended his mother and composed the most malicious pamphlets and memos against his father, and then defended his father against his mother. Mirabeau the father was convinced that he had done everything possible for his wife and children and that winning the wife of the process would lead to their mutual ruin; but, not limited to appealing to the court and public opinion, he resorted to one of the most outrageous institutions of the old regime - to “secret letters” ( lettres de cachet ), although he himself always destroyed violence in his writings. The wife and daughter were imprisoned in monasteries, and the son was transferred from one prison to another. Such a course of action aroused public opinion against him: no one else attached serious importance to the writer, whose actions represented such a sharp contrast with the ideas he preached. The wife of her captivity continued to fight with him. The trial, lost by the Marquise in 1777, was resumed in 1781 and won by her, although the father’s case was defended by the great speaker Honore Mirabeau . Frustrated morally and physically, ravaged by the outcome of the process, Mirabeau retired to Argenteuil, where he died, having reconciled himself to death with his son and bowed to “his genius”. “There has never been such a head in Provence,” he wrote.

• Voyage de Languedoc et de Provence , édition entièrement différente de celle d'Amsterdam et plus correcte que celle d'Avignon, 1745.
• Examen des Poésies sacrées de Le Franc de Pompignan , 1755. Commentaire biblio | Petit ouvrage fastidieux et ridicule panégyrique, que Pompignan a la maladresse d'adopter dans une édition de luxe qu'il donna de ses poésies.
• L'Ami des hommes, ou Traité de la Population , Hambourg: Chretien Hérold, 1756-1762, 6 vol. in-12 ^[4] .
• Dialogue entre le Surintendant d'O et LDH , contenu dans: Précis de l'organization, ou Mémoire sur les États provinciaux , 1757-1758.
• Réponse du correspondant à son banquier , 1759.
• Lettres sur la dépravation de l'ordre légal ...; Lettres sur la restauration de l'ordre légal, précédé du Discours sur cette question, quelle est la vertu la plus nécessaire aux héros, et quels sont les héros à qui cette vertu a manqué , 1759.
• Lettre sur les corvées , 1760.
• Tableau économique avec ses explications , 1760.
• Théorie de l'Impôt , Paris, 1760.
• Mémoire sur l'agriculture , envoyé à la très louable société d'agriculture de Berne; avec l'extrait des six premiers livres du Corps complet d'économie rustique de feu M. Thomas Hale, 1762.
• avec François Quesnay, Philosophie rurale ou Économie générale et particulière de l'agriculture, réduite à l'ordre immuable des lois physiques et morales qui assurent la prospérité des empires , Amsterdam (Paris): libraires associés, 1763V, 463 , in 4 -412 p. (ou 3 vol. in-12) Texte en ligne ; abrégé sous le titre Éléments de la philosophie rurale , La Haye: libraires associés, 1767-1768, in-12, II-CVI-241 p. et tableau.
• Éphémérides du citoyen , 1765-1772.
• Lettres sur le commerce des grains , 1768.
• Les Économiques, par LDH (L'Ami des hommes.), Dédiées au grand-duc de Toscane. Amsterdam, 1769.
• Lettres d'un ingénieur de province un intendant des ponts-et-chaussées, pour servir de suite à l'Ami des homme, Avignon (Paris), 1770.
• Lettres économiques , Amsterdam, 1770.
• Les Devoirs , imprimé à Milan, au monastère de Saint-Ambroise, en 1770. Ce titre est une allusion à l'un des traités les plus connus du saint archevêque de Milan.
• Leçons économiques (Abrégé) , Abrégé des principes de l'économie politique, 1773.
• Science (la) , ou les Droits et les Devoirs de l'Homme. Par LDH , Lausanne, Grasset, 1774.
• Lettres sur la législation , Ou l'ordre légal dépravé, rétabli et perpétué, LDH Berne, 1775.
• Nouvelles éphémérides économiques . Troisième partie. Événements publics. Éloge funèbre de M. François Quesnay, prononcé ... dans l'assemblée de ses disciples par M. le Mis de Mirabeau, 1775.
• Entretiens d'un jeune prince avec son gouverneur , ouvrage divisé en trois parties ... 1785.
• Recueils de contes et nouvelles , par M. le marquis de M ***, 1785.
• Mémoire concernant l'utilité des États provinciaux, relativement à l'autorité royale, aux finances, au bonheur, & à l'avantage des peuples , 1787.
• Rêve d'un goutteux , (vers la fin de 1788) ^[5] .

• René de La Croix de Castries, Mirabeau ou l'échec d'un destin, Paris, Fayard, 1960.
• Louis de Loménie, Les Mirabeau: nouvelles études sur la Société française au XVIIIe siècle, Paris, Dentu, 1879-1891, 2 vol.
• Anthony Mergey, “La question des municipalités dans l'Introduction au Mémoire sur les États provinciaux du marquis de Mirabeau (1758)”, Revue de la recherche juridique - Droit prospectif, 2, 4, 2006, p. 2523-2548 ( ISSN 0249-8731 ))
• Henri Ripert, Le Marquis de Mirabeau, ses théories politiques et économiques, Paris, A. Rousseau, 1901.
• Albert Soboul (avant propos d '), Les Mirabeau et leur temps, Société des études, Center aixois d'études et de recherches sur le XVIIIe siècle, 1968.

• Mirabeau, Victor Ricketty // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.