Hell Creek (formation)

Hell creek
	Stratigraphic unit
Hell creek
	Hell creek formation
A country	;
Location

The Hell Creek Formation (literally translated as " hell creek ") is a geological formation, a complex of eroded rocks in the northwestern United States - in Montana and the surrounding areas of North Dakota , South Dakota and Wyoming . Sedimentary rocks of the complex formed over 1.3 million years in the interval between the Upper Cretaceous and the Early Paleocene ( Maastrichtian Stage ). The age of the latest deposits is estimated at 65.5 Ma ^[1] .

The formation is known primarily for the large number of dinosaur remains found here. It owes its name to the famous paleontologist Barnum Brown ( 1907 ), who excavated and made a number of discoveries in the vicinity of Fort Peck ( English Fort Peck, Montana ) in 1902 - 1910 ^[2] . One of such discoveries was fragments of the skeleton of a hitherto unknown tyrannosaurus science. The value of the object increased after the discovery of a large number of fossil mammals in the town of Bug Creek Anthills in MacCon County. Most of the fossils were mined in the Missouri River Valley in the Montana counties Garfield County ( Eng. Garfield County, Montana ) and McCon. Some finds were also made in the east of the state in the vicinity of the settlements of Ekalaka ( English Ekalaka, Montana ) and Glendive . Formation sites in South and North Dakota have been studied to a much lesser extent ^[3] .

Content

General information

On the territory of Montana, Hell Creek deposits overlap the more ancient rocks, called the Fox Hills Sandstone . The layer thickness is from 300 feet (≈100 m) in the Mosby area ( English Mosby, Montana ) ^[4] to 400-500 feet (≈120-150 m) on the slopes of the Bears Paw ridge ( English Bears Paw Mountains ) ^[5] . They include yellowish-gray, olive-gray and brownish-black carbonaceous and bentonite schists and silts , as well as gray or light brown fine and medium-grained carbonate calcareous sandstones . Sandy and shale-pebble conglomerates are present in small volumes. In the Bears Paw mountains there is a coal seam ^[6] . A thin intermediate layer between the Hell Creek rocks and more sediments of the young Fort Union Formation is known for its high iridium content, which, according to the Alvarez theory, indicates a meteorite cause of the extinction of dinosaurs ^[7] .

From a landscape point of view, Hell Creek is a very rough terrain consisting of many steep ravines against the background of plains . These ravines, called Missouri Breaks , were once the beds of the Missouri River and its tributaries. In the time of dinosaurs, this area was distinguished by a warm subtropical climate; Currently, its lands are considered infertile and are mainly used for pasture of sheep and cattle ^[8] .

Fossil Organisms

A significant number of species of fossil plants , invertebrates , fish , reptiles , amphibians, and mammals have been found in the Hell Creek Formation. Among the most famous dinosaurs are tyrannosaurus and triceratops . In 1999, an extraordinary find was discovered here - the mummified remains of a hadrosaur , including skin and soft tissues ^[9] .

Plants

List of plants discovered in the Hell Creek Formation
Kind	View	State	Notes	Images
Metasequoia ^[10]	Not determined		Imprint of cones with seeds related to modern megasequoia
Cobania	C. corrugata		Fossil species, previously classified as representative of the genus Pistia .
Araucaria	A. araucana		Imprint of leaves similar to modern Chilean araucaria

Amphibians

List of amphibians discovered in the Hell Creek Formation
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Barbourula ^[11]	Not determined	Montana				Modern Barbourula .
Eopelobates ^[11]	Not determined	Montana
Habrosaurus ^[11]	H. dilatus	Montana
Lisserpeton ^[11]	L. bairdi	Montana
Opisthotriton ^[11]	O. kayi	Montana
Proamphiuma ^[11]	P. cretacica	Montana
Prodesmodon ^[11]	P. copei	Montana
Scapherpeton ^[11]	S. tectum	Montana
Scotiophryne ^[11]	S. pustulosa	Montana

Bone fish

List of bone fish found in the Hell Creek Formation
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Acipenser ^[12]	A. eruciferus	Montana			Sturgeon family	Acipenser Belonostomus Modern Lepisosteus
Amia ^[11]	A. fragosa	Montana			Small fish akin to modern silt fish
Belonostomus ^[11]	B. longirostris	Montana			Long-necked fish with a narrow body (possible similarity with Aspidorhynchidae ). Rare view
Coriops ^[12]	C. amnicolus	Montana
Lepisosteus ^[12]	L. occidentalis	Montana			Shell pike . The usual look.
Palaeolabrus ^[12]	P. montanensis	Montana
Paleopsephurus ^[12]	P. wilsoni	Montana			Paddlefish family
Paralbula ^[11]	P. casei	Montana
Platacodon ^[11]	P. nanus	Montana			Small bony fish
Protamia ^[12]	Not determined	Montana
Protoscaphirhynchus ^[11]	P. squamosus	Montana			Sturgeon family

Cartilaginous fish

List of cartilaginous fish found in the Hell Creek Formation
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Ischyrhiza ^[12]	I. avonicola	Montana
Lonchidion ^[12]	L. selachos	Montana
Myledaphus ^[12]	M. bipartitus	Montana

Poultry Dinosaurs

Ankylosaurs

List of Ankylosaurus Discovered in the Hell Creek Formation
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Ankylosaurus ^[13]	Ankylosaurus magniventris ^[13]	Montana ^[13]			Also found in the Lance Formation and Scollard Formation sediments .	Ankylosaurus
? Edmontonia ^[13]	Not determined	Montana ^[13] North Dakota ^[14] South Dakota ^[15]			Ankylosaurus

Ceratops

Taxon	Reclassified Taxon	Taxon erroneously used as valid	Doubtful taxon or synonym	Ichnotaxone	Ootaxon	Morphotaxone

Note
Uncertain or experimental data are described in small print ; obsolete ones are ~~crossed out~~ .

List of ceratops discovered in the Hell Creek Formation
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Leptoceratops ^[13]	Not defined ^[13]	Montana ^[13]			Small primitive ceratops	Triceratops Triceratops horridus
? Tatankaceratops	? T. sacrisonorum	South Dakota			Possible synonym for Triceratops ^[16]
? Torosaurus ^[13]	? T. latus	Montana ^[13] North Dakota ^[14] South Dakota ^[15]			A possible synonym for Triceratops . ^[17] Also found in sediments of the Frenchman Formation and the Lance Formation .
Triceratops ^[13]	T. horridus ^[13]	Montana ^[13] North Dakota ^[14] South Dakota ^[15]		Normal view	The usual look. Also found in sediments of the Evanston Formation , Frenchman Formation , Kirtland Formation , Lance Formation , Laramie Formation, and Scollard Formation ).
	T. maximus ^[13]	Montana ^[13]		“Eight vertebrae, two ribs” ^[18]	Later recognized as the remains of an indeterminate ceratopsid ^[13]
	T. prorsus ^[13]	Montana ^[13]			Also found in sediments of the Frenchman Formation and the Lance Formation .
	T. serratus ^[13]	Montana ^[13]			Later identified as T. horridus ^[13]

Ornithopods

Taxon	Reclassified Taxon	Taxon erroneously used as valid	Doubtful taxon or synonym	Ichnotaxone	Ootaxon	Morphotaxone

Note
Uncertain or experimental data are described in small print ; obsolete ones are ~~crossed out~~ .

List of ornithopods found in the Hell Creek Formation
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Anatosaurus	A. annectens				Retrained as Edmontosaurus annectens ^[19]	Edmontosaurus annectens Thescelosaurus neglectus
Anatotitan	A. copei				The younger synonym is Edmontosaurus annectens . ^[nineteen]
Bugenasaura	B. garbanii				Junior synonym of Thescelosaurus garbanii
Bugenasaura	B. infernalis				Retrained as Thescelosaurus
Diclonius	D. mirabilis				The younger synonym for Trachodon mirabilis , the fossils actually belong to the species E. annectens ^[19]
Edmontosaurus	E. annectens	Montana ^[13] South Dakota ^[15]		Normal view	Hadrosaurus . Also found in sediments of the Denver Formation , Frenchman Formation , Laramie Formation, and Scollard Formation .
Edmontosaurus	E. regalis				All fossils diagnosed as E. regalis are known from earlier sediments. Nevertheless, the finds of the hadrosaur are often attributed to this genus ^[20] .
Parasaurolophus ^[21]	P. walkeri ^[21]	Montana ^[13]			Perhaps a hadrosaur from the Lambeosaurinae group, akin to parasaurolophus .
Thescelosaurus ^[15]	? T. garbanii ^[22]	Montana ^[22] South Dakota ^[23]
	T. infernalis				Nomen dubium
	T. neglectus ^[15]	South Dakota ^[15]			Small ornithopod. Also found in sediments of the Frenchman Formation , Lance Formation , Laramie Formation, and Scollard Formation ^[24] Sometimes misspelled as T. garban i . ^[22] .
	Not defined ^[25]	North Dakota ^[14]
Trachodon	T. mirabilis				Misclassification, currently defined as Edmontosaurus annectens

Pachycephalosaurus

Taxon	Reclassified Taxon	Taxon erroneously used as valid	Doubtful taxon or synonym	Ichnotaxone	Ootaxon	Morphotaxone

Note
Uncertain or experimental data are described in small print ; obsolete ones are ~~crossed out~~ .

List of Pachycephalosaurus Discovered in the Hell Creek Formation
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
? Dracorex ^[26]	? D. hogwartsia ^[26]	South Dakota ^[26]	Medium ^[26]		Perhaps a synonym for Pachycephalosauria .	Pachycephalosaurus
Pachycephalosaurus ^[13]	P. wyomingensis ^[13]	Montana ^[13] South Dakota ^[15]			Also found in sediments of the Judith River Formation and Lance Formations .
Sphaerotholus ^[13]	S. buchholtzae ^[13]	Montana ^[13]		The Skull ^[27]	Possible synonym for Prenocephale . Also found in sediments of the Kirtland Formation
Sphaerotholus ^[13]	S. goodwini ^[13]	Montana ^[13]		The Skull ^[27]
Stegoceras ^[13]	S. edmontonense ^[13]				Pachycephalosaurs from Montana and South Dakota were mistakenly assigned to this species from the Campanian stage.
? Stygimoloch ^[13]	? S. spinifer ^[13]	Montana ^[13]			Perhaps a synonym for Pachycephalosaurus . Also found in sediments of the Lanz Formation
? Stygimoloch ^[13]	Not defined ^[13]	South Dakota ^[13]

Pterosaurs

List of pterosaurs discovered in the Hell Creek Formation
Kind	View	State	Notes	Images
Quetzalcoatlus ^[28]	Indeterminate ^[29]	Montana ^[29]	The only cervical vertebra of the pterosaur from the family Azhdarchidae can belong to the genus Quetzalcoatlus . ^[29]

Theropods

Ornithomimosaurs

Taxon	Reclassified Taxon	Taxon erroneously used as valid	Doubtful taxon or synonym	Ichnotaxone	Ootaxon	Morphotaxone

Note
Uncertain or experimental data are described in small print ; obsolete ones are ~~crossed out~~ .

List of ornithomimosaurs discovered in Hell Creek
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
" Orcomimus "	Nomen nudum	South Dakota ^[30]				Ornithomimus
Ornithomimus ^[13]	Not defined ^[13]	Montana ^[13] North Dakota ^[31] South Dakota ^[15]
Struthiomimus ^[15]	S. sedens ^[32]				Large ornithomimide ^[32] .
Struthiomimus ^[15]	Not defined ^[15]	North Dakota ^[33] South Dakota ^[15]

Oviraptorosaurs

Taxon	Reclassified Taxon	Taxon erroneously used as valid	Doubtful taxon or synonym	Ichnotaxone	Ootaxon	Morphotaxone

Note
Uncertain or experimental data are described in small print ; obsolete ones are ~~crossed out~~ .

List of oviraptorosaurs discovered in Hell Creek
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Caenagnathus ^[15]	C. collinsi ^[15]	South Dakota ^[15]			Sometimes considered a synonym for Chirostenotes , however, type material is found in sediments of the Dinosaur Park Formation .	Chirostenotes sp.
Caenagnathus ^[15]	Not defined ^[15]	South Dakota ^[15]		Joint of the lower jaw, code BHM 2033. ^[34]
Chirostenotes ^[13]	C. elegans ^[13]	Montana ^[13]		Part of the metatarsus, code MOR 752. ^[34]	Large oviraptorosaurus. Also known from the sediments of the Dinosur Park Formation and Tu-Medicine ( Two Medicine Formation ) formations.
Chirostenotes ^[13]	C. sp.	South Dakota		Based on the unwritten Triebold specimen
Elmisaurus	E. elegans ^[13]				The younger synonym is Chirostenotes elegans .

Paraves

Taxon	Reclassified Taxon	Taxon erroneously used as valid	Doubtful taxon or synonym	Ichnotaxone	Ootaxon	Morphotaxone

Note
Uncertain or experimental data are described in small print ; obsolete ones are ~~crossed out~~ .

*List of Paraves* Discovered at Hell Creek**
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Avisaurus ^[13]	A. archibaldi ^[13]	Montana ^[13]			Enantsiornis Bird
? Dromaeosaurus ^[13]	Not defined ^[13]	Montana ^[13] South Dakota ^[15]		Teeth	Dromaeosaurid teeth similar to the older Dromaeosaurus albertensis
Paronychodon ^[13]	P. lacustris ^[13]	Montana ^[13] North Dakota ^[14] South Dakota ^[15]		Teeth	Uncertain troodontid ^[13] , better known from the deposits of Dynosor Park, Frenchman, Judith River, Kirtland and Milk River ( Eng. Milk River Formation )
Paronychodon ^[13]	Not determined	South Dakota		Teeth	Undefined troodontid
Richardoestesia ^[35]	R. ? isosceles	Montana North Dakota South Dakota		Teeth
	R. cf. gilmorei	North Dakota		Teeth
	Not determined	South Dakota		Teeth
Saurornithoides ^[36]	Not defined ^[13] .	Montana ^[13]		Teeth	The remains are allegedly attributed to the Mongolian group Saurornithoides , which was later classified as troodon ^[13]
? Saurornitholestes ^[14]	Not defined ^[14]	Montana North Dakota ^[14] South Dakota ^[15]		Teeth	Dromeosaurus related to the older Saurornitholestes langstoni
Stenonychosaurus ^[13]	S. inequalis ^[13]	Montana ^[13]			Junior synonym Troodon formosus ^[13]
? Troodon ^[13]	? T. formosus ^[13]	Montana ^[13]		Teeth	Uncertain form of troodon.
? Troodon ^[13]	Not defined ^[15]	Montana South Dakota ^[15]		Teeth	Troodonide teeth similar to Troodon formosus
Velociraptor	Indeterminate	Montana		Teeth partial dentary	The remains are allegedly attributed to the Mongolian group Velociraptor , which was later classified as Saurornitholestes ^[13]
"Unnamed ornithurine B" ^[37]	Not defined ^[38]	Montana ^[39]		Part of the coracoid process	Ornithurae , in some ways similar to Cimolopteryx ^[37] ^[38]
"Unnamed ornithurine C" ^[37]	Not determined			Part of the coracoid process	Ornithurae , also found in the Fort Union Formation . The only known species that reliably survived the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction ^[37]
"Unnamed ornithurine D" ^[37]	Not determined			Part of the coracoid process	Ornithurae ^[37]
"Unnamed hesperornithiform A" ^[37]	Not determined			Tsevka	Primitive representative of the Hesperornoids ^[37]

Tyrannosaurids

Taxon	Reclassified Taxon	Taxon erroneously used as valid	Doubtful taxon or synonym	Ichnotaxone	Ootaxon	Morphotaxone

Note
Uncertain or experimental data are described in small print ; obsolete ones are ~~crossed out~~ .

List of tyrannosaurids found in Hell Creek
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Albertosaurus	A. lancensis	Montana			Subsequently designated as Nanotyrannus lancensis .	Nanotyrannus Tyrannosaurus
Albertosaurus	A. "megagracilis" ^[13]	Montana ^[13]			Nomen nudum, hereinafter referred to as Tyrannosaurus rex . ^[13]
Aublysodon ^[13]	A. mirandus ^[13]	Montana ^[13]			Currently considered as an indefinite species ^[13]
Aublysodon ^[13]	A. molnari ^[13]	Montana ^[13]			Subsequently regarded as Tyrannosaurus rex . ^[13]
Deinodon	D. lancensis	Montana			Subsequently considered as Nanotyrannus lancensis .
Dinotyrannus	D. megagracilis	Montana			Subsequently regarded as Tyrannosaurus rex .
Gorgosaurus	G. lancensis	Montana			Subsequently considered as Nanotyrannus lancensis .
? Nanotyrannus ^[13]	? N. lancensis ^[13]	Montana ^[13]		“Nearly complete skull.” ^[40]	A small tyrannosaurid, possibly synonymous with Tyrannosaurus .
Tyrannosaurus ^[13]	T. rex ^[13]	Montana ^[13] North Dakota ^[14] South Dakota ^[15]			Also found in sediments Denver , Frenchman , Hill Creek South , Javelina , Kirtland , Lance , McRae , North Horn , Scollard and Willow Creek Formations .

Turtles

Taxon	Reclassified Taxon	Taxon erroneously used as valid	Doubtful taxon or synonym	Ichnotaxone	Ootaxon	Morphotaxone

Note
Uncertain or experimental data are described in small print ; obsolete ones are ~~crossed out~~ .

List of turtles found in Hell Creek
Kind	View	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Adocus ^[41]	Indeterminate ^[41]	Montana ^[42]
Compsemys ^[41]	C. victa ^[41]	Montana ^[42]
Eubaena ^[41]	E. cephalica ^[41]	Montana ^[42]
Gamerabaena	G. sonsalla	North Dakota
Trionyx ^[41]	Not defined ^[41]	Montana ^[42]

Notes

↑ Longrich et al., 2011 .
↑ Hartman et al., 2002 , pp. 329-330.
↑ Hartman et al., 2002 , p. 330.
↑ Schmidt et al., 1964 .
↑ Hearn, 1976 .
↑ Condon, Steven M. Stratigraphic Framework of Lower and Upper Cretaceous Rocks in Central and Eastern Montana. (unspecified) . US Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-57 10. US Department of the Interior .. Retrieved June 11, 2012. Archived June 11, 2012.
↑ Dingus, Norell, 2011 , pp. 114-115.
↑ Dingus, Norell, 2011 , p. 87.
↑ Roach, John. "Dinosaur Mummy" Found; Has Intact Skin, Tissue. (unspecified) . National Geographic (December 3, 2007). Date of treatment June 12, 2012. Archived June 12, 2012.
↑ Bigelow, Phillip. Metasequoia sp. (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Hell Creek Life. Date of treatment June 12, 2012. Archived June 12, 2012.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² ¹³ ¹⁴ Estes, Berberian, 1970 , p. four.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ Estes, Berberian, 1970 , p. 3.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² ¹³ ¹⁴ ¹⁵ ¹⁶ ¹⁷ ¹⁸ ¹⁹ ²⁰ ²¹ ²² ²³ ²⁴ ²⁵ ²⁶ ²⁷ ²⁸ ²⁹ ³⁰ ³¹ ³² ³³ ³⁴ ³⁵ ³⁶ ³⁷ ³⁸ ³⁹ ⁴⁰ ⁴¹ ⁴² ⁴³ ⁴⁴ ⁴⁵ ⁴⁶ ⁴⁷ ⁴⁸ ⁴⁹ ⁵⁰ ⁵¹ ⁵² ⁵³ ⁵⁴ ⁵⁵ ⁵⁶ ⁵⁷ ⁵⁸ ⁵⁹ ⁶⁰ ⁶¹ ⁶² ⁶³ ⁶⁴ ⁶⁵ ⁶⁶ ⁶⁷ ⁶⁸ ⁶⁹ ⁷⁰ ⁷¹ ⁷² ⁷³ ⁷⁴ ⁷⁵ ⁷⁶ ⁷⁷ ⁷⁸ ⁷⁹ ⁸⁰ ⁸¹ ⁸² “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² ¹³ ¹⁴ ¹⁵ ¹⁶ ¹⁷ ¹⁸ ¹⁹ ²⁰ ²¹ ²² ²³ “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; South Dakota).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 586.
↑ Nicholas R. Longrich. Titanoceratops ouranous , a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico (Eng.) // Cretaceous Research: journal. - 2011. - Vol. 32 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.cretres.2010.12.007 . Archived on August 16, 2016.
↑ Scannella, J. and Horner, JR (2010). “ Torosaurus Marsh, 1891, is Triceratops Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny.” Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 30 (4): 1157–1168. DOI : 10.1080 / 02724634.2010.483632
↑ “Table 23.1,” in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 496.
↑ ¹ ² ³ Campione, NE and Evans, DC (2011). “ Cranial Growth and Variation in Edmontosaurs (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): Implications for Latest Cretaceous Megaherbivore Diversity in North America. » PLoS ONE , 6 (9): e25186. DOI : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0025186
↑ Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2010 Appendix.
↑ ¹ ² Listed as “? Parasaurolophus walkeri ”in“ Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana). ”Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.
↑ ¹ ² ³ Listed as “? Thescelosaurus garbanii ”in“ Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana). ”Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.
↑ Noted as being present, although misspelled as " Thescelosaurus garbani , in" "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; South Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 586.
↑ Boyd, Brown, et al. (2009)
↑ Listed as “ cf Thescelosaurus sp.” In “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Bakker et al. (2006)
↑ ¹ ² “Table 21.1,” in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 465.
↑ Listed as “cf. Quetzalcoatlus sp. ”In Henderson and Peterson (2006) 192-195.
↑ ¹ ² ³ Henderson and Peterson (2006) 192-195.
↑ Triebold, 1997. The Sandy Site: Small Dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. in Wolberg, Stump and Rosenberg (eds). Dinofest International: Proceedings of a Symposium sponsored by Arizona
↑ Listed as “? Ornithomimus sp. ”In“ Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota). ”Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.
↑ ¹ ² Longrich (2008), pages 983–996.
↑ Listed as “ cf Struthiomimus sp.” In “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.
↑ ¹ ² “Table 5.1,” in Varricchio (2001). Page 44.
↑ Referenced by the original, obsolete spelling “ Ricardoestesia ” in “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.
↑ Listed as “? Saurornithoides sp. ”“ Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana). ”Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ Longrich, NR, Tokaryk, T. and Field, DJ (2011). “Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 108 (37): 15253-15257. DOI : 10.1073 / pnas.1110395108
↑ ¹ ² "Class Aves," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 7.
↑ "Class Aves," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 7. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
↑ “Table 5.1,” in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 113.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ "Order Testudinata," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 5.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ “Order Testudinata,„ in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 5. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.

Literature

Dingus, Lowell; Norell, Mark. Barnum Brown: The Man Who Discovered Tyrannosaurus rex. - University of California Press, 2011 .-- 384 p. - ISBN 0520272617 .
Estes, R .; Berberian, P. Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana. // Breviora. - 1970.- T. 343 .
Hartman, Joseph Herbert; Johnson, Kirk R .; Nichols, Douglas J. (eds.). The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous .. - Geological Society of Amer, 2002. - 520 p. - ISBN 0813723612 .
Hearn, BC, Jr. Geologic and tectonic maps of the Bearpaw Mountains area, north-central Montana. (Eng.) // US Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-919 .. - 1976.
Longrich, NR; Tokaryk, T .; Field, DJ Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous – Paleogene (K – Pg) boundary. (Eng.) // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .. - 2011. - Vol. 108 , iss. 37 . - P. 15253-15257 . - DOI : 10.1073 / pnas.1110395108 .
Schmidt, RG; Pecora, WT; and Hearn, BC, Jr. Geology of the Cleveland Quadrangle, Bearpaw Mountains, Blaine County, Montana. (English) // US Geological Survey Bulletin .. - 1964. - Vol. 1141 . - P. 26 .
Weishampel, David B .; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria: Second Edition .. - University of California Press, 2004 .-- 880 p. - ISBN 0520242092 .

Links

Bigelow, Phillip. A complete list of fossil organisms found in Hell Creek. (unspecified) . Hell Creek Life. Date of treatment June 12, 2012. Archived June 12, 2012.

[_2fdb8a612ed9d8db-1] Longrich et al., 2011 .

[_c1e6cb2a85defb10-2] Hartman et al., 2002 , pp. 329-330.

[_bb7c27e598a69a76-3] Hartman et al., 2002 , p. 330.

[_e8c78fa2662b4961-4] Schmidt et al., 1964 .

[_183eedf2023a1934-5] Hearn, 1976 .

[6] Condon, Steven M. Stratigraphic Framework of Lower and Upper Cretaceous Rocks in Central and Eastern Montana. (unspecified) . US Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-57 10. US Department of the Interior .. Retrieved June 11, 2012. Archived June 11, 2012.

[_3d977f98c7f6e346-7] Dingus, Norell, 2011 , pp. 114-115.

[_fece1604d132b29c-8] Dingus, Norell, 2011 , p. 87.

[9] Roach, John. "Dinosaur Mummy" Found; Has Intact Skin, Tissue. (unspecified) . National Geographic (December 3, 2007). Date of treatment June 12, 2012. Archived June 12, 2012.

[10] Bigelow, Phillip. Metasequoia sp. (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Hell Creek Life. Date of treatment June 12, 2012. Archived June 12, 2012.

[_69ee49e160cbeba4-11] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² ¹³ ¹⁴ Estes, Berberian, 1970 , p. four.

[_69ee49e160cbeba3-12] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ Estes, Berberian, 1970 , p. 3.

[cretaceous-distribution-montana-13] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² ¹³ ¹⁴ ¹⁵ ¹⁶ ¹⁷ ¹⁸ ¹⁹ ²⁰ ²¹ ²² ²³ ²⁴ ²⁵ ²⁶ ²⁷ ²⁸ ²⁹ ³⁰ ³¹ ³² ³³ ³⁴ ³⁵ ³⁶ ³⁷ ³⁸ ³⁹ ⁴⁰ ⁴¹ ⁴² ⁴³ ⁴⁴ ⁴⁵ ⁴⁶ ⁴⁷ ⁴⁸ ⁴⁹ ⁵⁰ ⁵¹ ⁵² ⁵³ ⁵⁴ ⁵⁵ ⁵⁶ ⁵⁷ ⁵⁸ ⁵⁹ ⁶⁰ ⁶¹ ⁶² ⁶³ ⁶⁴ ⁶⁵ ⁶⁶ ⁶⁷ ⁶⁸ ⁶⁹ ⁷⁰ ⁷¹ ⁷² ⁷³ ⁷⁴ ⁷⁵ ⁷⁶ ⁷⁷ ⁷⁸ ⁷⁹ ⁸⁰ ⁸¹ ⁸² “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.

[cretaceous-distribution-northdakota-14] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.

[cretaceous-distribution-southdakota-15] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² ¹³ ¹⁴ ¹⁵ ¹⁶ ¹⁷ ¹⁸ ¹⁹ ²⁰ ²¹ ²² ²³ “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; South Dakota).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 586.

[Longrich-16] Nicholas R. Longrich. Titanoceratops ouranous , a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico (Eng.) // Cretaceous Research: journal. - 2011. - Vol. 32 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.cretres.2010.12.007 . Archived on August 16, 2016.

[scannella&horner2010-17] Scannella, J. and Horner, JR (2010). “ Torosaurus Marsh, 1891, is Triceratops Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny.” Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 30 (4): 1157–1168. DOI : 10.1080 / 02724634.2010.483632

[table-23-1-496-18] “Table 23.1,” in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 496.

[campioneevens2011-19] ¹ ² ³ Campione, NE and Evans, DC (2011). “ Cranial Growth and Variation in Edmontosaurs (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): Implications for Latest Cretaceous Megaherbivore Diversity in North America. » PLoS ONE , 6 (9): e25186. DOI : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0025186

[Holtz2008-20] Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2010 Appendix.

[cretaceous-distribution-montana-para-21] ¹ ² Listed as “? Parasaurolophus walkeri ”in“ Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana). ”Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.

[cretaceous-distribution-montana-thesgarb-22] ¹ ² ³ Listed as “? Thescelosaurus garbanii ”in“ Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana). ”Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.

[cretaceous-distribution-southdakota-thesgarb-23] Noted as being present, although misspelled as " Thescelosaurus garbani , in" "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; South Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 586.

[CABetal09-24] Boyd, Brown, et al. (2009)

[cretaceous-distribution-northdakota-thesc-25] Listed as “ cf Thescelosaurus sp.” In “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.

[bakkeretal2006-26] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Bakker et al. (2006)

[table-21-1-465-27] ¹ ² “Table 21.1,” in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 465.

[henderson&peterson2006detail-28] Listed as “cf. Quetzalcoatlus sp. ”In Henderson and Peterson (2006) 192-195.

[henderson&peterson2006-29] ¹ ² ³ Henderson and Peterson (2006) 192-195.

[30] Triebold, 1997. The Sandy Site: Small Dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. in Wolberg, Stump and Rosenberg (eds). Dinofest International: Proceedings of a Symposium sponsored by Arizona

[cretaceous-distribution-northdakota-orn-31] Listed as “? Ornithomimus sp. ”In“ Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota). ”Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.

[longrich2008-32] ¹ ² Longrich (2008), pages 983–996.

[cretaceous-distribution-northdakota-struth-33] Listed as “ cf Struthiomimus sp.” In “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.

[table-5-1-44-34] ¹ ² “Table 5.1,” in Varricchio (2001). Page 44.

[cretaceous-distribution-northdakota-rich-35] Referenced by the original, obsolete spelling “ Ricardoestesia ” in “Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota).” Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.

[cretaceous-distribution-montana-oides-36] Listed as “? Saurornithoides sp. ”“ Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana). ”Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.

[longrichetal2011-37] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ Longrich, NR, Tokaryk, T. and Field, DJ (2011). “Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 108 (37): 15253-15257. DOI : 10.1073 / pnas.1110395108

[eb1970-aves-38] ¹ ² "Class Aves," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 7.

[eb1970-aves-montana-39] "Class Aves," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 7. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.

[table-5-1-113-40] “Table 5.1,” in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 113.

[eb1970-turtles-41] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ "Order Testudinata," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 5.

[eb1970-turtles-montana-42] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ “Order Testudinata,„ in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 5. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.

Hell Creek (formation)

Content

General information

Fossil Organisms

Plants

Amphibians

Bone fish

Cartilaginous fish

Poultry Dinosaurs

Ankylosaurs

Ceratops

Ornithopods

Pachycephalosaurus

Pterosaurs

Theropods

Ornithomimosaurs

Oviraptorosaurs

Paraves

Tyrannosaurids

Turtles

Notes

Literature

Links

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