Lenin Street (Oryol)

Lenin Street runs from south to north. With a length of about 660 meters, it originates at the Alexander bridge and ends at Lenin Square . Approximately in the middle, it intersects perpendicularly to St. George Lane .

In 1898 the street was a tram and pedestrian . In 1973 , as part of the beautification of the historic center of Orel, the city authorities decided to ban the movement of any transport on Lenin Street, including trams . Today it is a boulevard , which is not reflected in the official name of the street, and is equipped with two sidewalks. The nearest public transport stop, Glavpostamt, is less than a hundred meters, opposite the Shamrock apartment building.

18th century

Bolshaya Noble, or Bolshaya Bolkhovskaya, the street arose on the site of the former forest. The choice of its name, by analogy with Moscow , Kromskaya , Karachevskaya and other streets of Orel, was determined by the direction of the road that continued along the street - it led to the city of Bolkhov ^[2] .

This street was not marked on the Orel layout plans of the beginning of the 18th century , but on the subsequent plans it was depicted in clear boundaries. So, in accordance with the first general plan of the city, which was released in 1779 , Bolshaya Bolkhovskaya Street acted as one of the central ones - it connected the oldest part of the city - the place of its foundation - and the left bank of the Orlik River ^[3] . In the same year, Oryol became a provincial city, as a result of which the local authorities began a particularly active development of Bolkhovskaya Street. From this moment on, wooden structures gradually began to be replaced by stone ones - the last wooden house on the street was demolished in 1870 ^[4] .

Over time, Bolshaya Bolkhovskaya turned into the main street of the city. Due to the fact that the main trade was concentrated here, Oryol merchants managed to rename the street to Bolkhovskaya, which happened in February 1784 . A year earlier, at the end of the street, where Lenin Square is now located, buildings were built where various provincial institutions were located ^[4] . In accordance with the trends of that era, all the buildings on Bolkhovskaya were built in the style of classicism ^[3] .

XIX century

In the first decades of the 19th century, Bolkhovskaya Street continued to be built up according to the principles of classicism. In 1823, the first stone pavement appeared in Orel, and at the turn to the city garden, on the corner of the street, the building of the Noble Assembly was built, which was an elongated building decorated with a six-column portal . Just during these years, as the Oryol local historian G. M. Pyasetskiy wrote, Bolkhovskaya Street became a favorite place for the "first-priority" Oryol merchants - many of them moved here with their goods from the shopping arcade , since almost all city nobles settled on Bolkhovskaya. So, the Avilov brothers sold haberdashery goods here, N. A. Podshivalov sold fur, cloth and red goods, E. F. Leblanc had a hotel, a pastry shop and a fashionable women's store, and I. E. Sukhorukov kept a house on the Bolkhovskaya street with him a shop of furniture, carpets, tableware, crystal, papers, stationery, carriages ^[5] . In the 1830s, the street was considered, according to Pyasetskiy, “the first in the whole city” ^[6] .

In the 1840s, the street often suffered from fires. On June 21, 1841, one of such fires occurred in the house of the tradesman Zheltukhina: with a strong wind for half an hour, the fire destroyed a large number of buildings, both residential and administrative. On the night of May 31 to June 1, 1843 on Bolkhovskaya, in the sheds of the pharmacist Moravsky and the tradesman Chagin adjoined to each other, a new destructive fire occurred, as a result of which the city suffered even more significant losses. Over the next ten years, Bolkhovskaya Street, including residential buildings and the St. George Church , repeatedly suffered from fire, but never became a hotbed of fire ^[7] . Residential buildings of the mid-19th century, with which Bolkhovskaya street was even more compacted at this stage, were built under the tangible influence of the Baroque style ^[3] . In those years, the street was much longer than now: judging by the plans of the city of Orel in the middle of the XIX century, it started from Karachevskaya street and Karl Marx square , crossed the Orlik along the bridge, then went up, occupying the entire territory of the current Lenin street, then turned along modern street of Maxim Gorky (then Sadovaya) and ended at the former Monastery settlement. Subsequently, the territory of Bolkhovskaya - Leninskaya Street was reduced several times. The last time this happened in 1929 , when it began to start from the Orlik River ^[8] .

In 1893, tram lines were laid along Bolkhovskaya, and in 1895, electricity was conducted. After that, in the evening, shop windows on Bolkhovskaya were illuminated with tin spotlights with bulbs fixed in them. Prior to this, kerosene lamps were used for lighting purposes ^[9] . With the electrification of Bolkhovskaya street, evening walks along it became a common activity for Oryol young ladies. It was on Bolkhovskaya Street that the inhabitants of Orel saw the first cinema in the city and the first photo studio ^[10] . Concrete, metal, glass and glazed bricks began to be used in the construction of buildings - the Art Nouveau style came to the architecture of Orel ^[3] .

XX century

By the beginning of the 20th century, merchants' shops were finally crowded out by the shops considered the best in the city: they were distinguished by a convenient and beautiful construction, with mirrored display cases that showed various goods, they gradually became “clean”, “non-food”, where books, groceries, and fur were sold clock and the like. During this period, not a single Orel street could compete with Bolkhovskaya ^[11] . In his famous novel “The Life of Arsenyev, ” Ivan Bunin described it this way ^[12] :

... I went out onto another, large, commercial one, with all sorts of old warehouses and barns, hardware, iron, mosquito and colonial shops and, in general, with all that overwhelming abundance of welfare from which Russian cities burst then.

During the First Russian Revolution, Bolkhovskaya Street became the epicenter of the revolutionary events unfolding in Orel, and later, in the first years of Soviet power, demonstrations and demonstrations took place here. In 1919, the new city authorities changed the name of the central street in honor of V.I. Lenin - this was the very first street renaming that took place in the post-revolutionary Orel. The exact date of this significant event is unknown, since the relevant documents have not been preserved ^[13] .

On October 13, 1919 , with the occupation of Orel by the Kornilov units of the Volunteer Army of the FYUR , formally the street was again renamed Bolkhovskaya, as evidenced by the White Guard newspaper Orlovsky Vestnik . When White entered the city, one of the tanks left at the intersection of Sadovaya and Bolkhovskaya Streets was transferred to the Volunteer Army by the British . The appearance of an unprecedented car for Oryol caused a great stir among the townspeople: a whole crowd gathered around the tank. On October 20 , after a week in Orel, the Kornilovites were forced to leave the city ^[14] .

On October 3, 1941, units of the 4th Panzer Division of the 2nd Panzer Group under the command of Guderian entered Orel. Some units of German technology reached Leninskaya, on which, due to the suddenness of the enemy invasion, trams still continued to walk. After the beginning of the occupation of Oryol, the first police unit was located at No. 1 on Lenin Street. During the years of World War II, many buildings related to the street were destroyed or damaged, including during the battles for the city in the summer of 1943 ^[15] . After the liberation of Orel on August 5 of this year, Lenin Street underwent transformations: buildings damaged in wartime were restored (often without taking into account their original appearance) ^[3] . In 1946, the St. George Church, closed as early as 1930 , was rebuilt - in its place, the Pobeda movie theater was built ^[16] .

After the final restoration, the city authorities limited the construction of buildings along Lenin Street. May 23, 1973 , as part of the improvement of the historic center of Orel, dedicated to the thirty year anniversary of the liberation of the city, tram tracks were removed from Gorky and Lenin streets, as a result of which the latter became exclusively pedestrian ^[17] .

21st Century

In the first half of the 2000s, a number of houses on Lenin Street, classified as architectural monuments, were renovated and painted; individual buildings began to be reconstructed. Old paving stones were laid on a concrete base ^[18] . January 30, 2004 a decree on the need to develop a project for the reconstruction of the central street was signed by the city administration ^[19] . In 2006, Lenin Street was subjected to vertical landscaping: flowerbeds located in the center of the street were planted with a lawn, after which they set art forged structures with decorative flowerpots in which Dutch geranium was planted ^[20] . Today, Lenin Street continues to retain its historical significance: fairs, celebrations and festivities are held here ^{[21] [22] [23] [24]} .

General list of objects of historical and cultural heritage

Explanation of abbreviations:

• M - local protection category
• Arch. - architectural monument
• East - historical monument

Pharmacy Building

  architectural monument (local monument)

The pharmacy building, or “the house with services to the pharmacist Roth”, has become one of a large number of houses built according to the project of the city architect I.F. Thibault-Brinioli. It was built in the mid-1850s by order of the pharmacist Roth. On the ground floor there was always a pharmacy, on the upper floor there were living quarters ^[26] .

Jordan Hotel Building

  architectural monument (local monument)

The house was built in 1857 . The first mistress of the hotel housed in it was the tradeswoman E.K. Jordan. Since the 1870s, the owner of the building was the court adviser A. A. Krasovsky, who converted the hotel and named it “European”. In the middle of the next decade, the house was transferred to the captain O. P. Kolomnina, who underwent a major overhaul. During these years, the premises of the Jordan House were also occupied by Kashkin's music and bookstore, and a library. Before World War I, the hotel located in this building was no longer called “European”, but “Northern”. In 1917, when the Bolsheviks came to power, the house was nationalized. Before the war, it housed the newspaper department of the postal and telegraph office and the All-Union Society of the Deaf with training workshops, a canteen and a club, and during the Great Patriotic War - the headquarters of the air defense. Partially destroyed during the bombing, the house was later restored and - in the 1950s - was thoroughly repaired. During the repair, many elements were lost, but basically the building retained its appearance ^[27] .

The building of the Jordan Hotel has great cultural significance: the writers I. S. Turgenev and P. I. Yakushkin stayed here at different times, and N. S. Leskov wrote about it. The bookshop of Kashkin, which was located in this building, was often visited by the composer V. S. Kalinnikov , and a regular visitor to the library located in the Jordan house was the young I. A. Bunin , who later described it in his works ^[27] .

Pobeda Cinema

  architectural monument (local monument)
The building of the cinema "Victory" was built in 1952 on the site of the destroyed stone St. George's Church . The general appearance of the building is sustained in the forms of neoclassicism . The opening of the cinema took place on November 6, 1952 ^[28] .

Main Post Office Building

  architectural monument (local monument)
The main post office building, also known as the “Communication House”, was built in 1950 - 1951 according to the project of architects S. S. Ozhegov, A. A. Zubin and A. S. Muravyov. The multi-figured groups above the corner part of the facade were made by the sculptor Yu. G. Neroda. Today, the main post office of Orel and the Oryol region is located in this building ^[29] .

Bolkhovskaya street is mentioned in the works of such famous writers and poets as I. A. Bunin (“The Life of Arsenyev ”), N. S. Leskov (“The Mysterious Man ”) ^[10] and Peter Potemkin (poem “How do you go along Bolkhovskaya ...” ) ^[3] .

• Emelyanov, V.G. Streets of Oryol. History of names (reference) / Reviewer - к. И. n V. Ya. Vorobyov. - Tula: Prioksky Book Publishing House, 1986. - 128 p.
• Khomenkova, L.P. Live connection of time (monuments, memorial plaques of the city of Orel). Bibliographic index / Responsible for the issue: V.V. Bubnov. - Eagle: Spring Water , 2004 .-- 194 p. - ISBN 5-87295-156-6 .
• Krasnoshchekova, S. D. Oryol merchant and merchant // Local history notes. From the class history of the Oryol region. - Eagle: Spring Water , 2010. - S. 19-155. - 304 p. - ISBN 978-5-87295-253-4 .