Hessen, Sergey Iosifovich

The son of Joseph Saulovich (later Vladimirovich) Hessen from the Orthodox woman Anna Ivanovna Makarova, the daughter of the owner of the apartment in which Hesse lived, serving his exile in Ust-Sysolsk . Returning from exile, in 1889, Joseph Hesse passed the exams for the full course of law at St. Petersburg University, and in 1892 he moved to Chisinau , where he married the granddaughter of the official rabbi of Chisinau, Anna Isaakovna Stein (nee Gruber) ^[5] . In 1894, for the adoption of Sergey, he accepted Orthodoxy with his wife. He was brought up by the father and adoptive mother Anna Isaakovna Gessen (only as an adult did she learn that Anna Isaakovna was his stepmother) ^[6] .

From 1917 to 1921 he headed the department of pedagogy at the historical and philological faculty of Tomsk State University , in 1921 he returned to Petrograd.

In 1922 he emigrated to Prague. Since 1935, he taught in Warsaw, and after the war, in Lodz, where he was a professor of pedagogical history at the University of Lodz .

Hesse combines the principles of transcendentalism with the dialectical method , which allows you to connect independent groups of concepts. Assuming pluralism in the systematics of concepts, Hesse argues that a true hierarchy of concepts must be a synthesis of monism and pluralism based on the dialectical “method of completeness” proposed by him, according to which the synthesis of the particular and the general is the concreteness of concepts, and their mutual disconnection is abstract. The method of completeness allows one to overcome the derogation of concreteness and to dialectically deploy monism into pluralism. An empirical subject is only an opportunity of the personality, the personality itself is created only through work on superpersonal tasks and through the introduction of "superpersonal" transcendental values ​​to the world. Freedom is assumed due to the independence of the spiritual basis of the individual from the empirical sphere, therefore the beginning of freedom in a person is transcendental. Freedom is not revealed as an empirical fact, but as a goal, a volitional intention. In accordance with this, it is possible to single out values ​​that embody goals or tasks. They act as cultural values, expressed in the practically realized values ​​of human life. Free actions are unconditional novelty and cannot be calculated empirically. Ethics and law provide mechanisms for the realization of freedom, which embody the practical intuition of the will - freeview.

Based on this understanding of personality, Hesse creates his own philosophy of education. Freedom is the basis of the relationship between teacher and student and does not imply a choice between the available ways, but the creation of a new way that did not exist before even in the form of a possible way out. Therefore, in education, discipline is realized through freedom, and freedom through the law of duty. The task of training is to master the method, which opens up the possibility of its independent application. Teaching should not be reduced to the translation of factual knowledge; what has been said should always indicate something more, another knowledge that has not yet been expressed. The purpose of education is to introduce the individual to cultural values ​​that open up new possibilities for its self-realization. In a number of works, Hesse also considered the problems of moral philosophy, the theory of law, and the laws of social development.

• Wife (until 1936 ) - Nina Lazarevna Minor, daughter of neuropathologist Lazar Solomonovich Minor , granddaughter of the executed rabbi of Moscow Zelik (Solomon Alekseevich) Minor , niece of lawyer and politician Osip Solomonovich Minor ^[7] . She was deported to the Terezin concentration camp in 1942, and died in the Maly Trostinets concentration camp.
  • Son - Eugene Sergeyevich Gessen (1910-1945), Russian poet, member of the community of young poets "Skit"; died in Auschwitz . Another son is the Polish Slavic Dmitry Sergeyevich Hessen (1916-2001), a participant in World War II , the compiler of the Great Polish-Russian Dictionary (M .: Russian, 1979) and the posthumous collection of the literary heritage of Solomon Bart (together with Lazar Fleishman , M .: Aquarius, 2008).
• Stepbrothers (paternal): journalist and publicist Vladimir Iosifovich (Osipovich) Hessen (1901-1982), an employee of the editorial board of the newspaper "New Russian Word"; translator George Iosifovich (Osipovich) Hesse (1902-1971).

• Über Individuelle Kausalität: Studien Zum Transzendentalen Empirismus (On Individual Causality: Studies of Transcendental Empiricism), dissertation. Freiburg, 1909.
• The Philosophy of Punishment (Logos, 1912-1913)
• “Fundamentals of pedagogy. Introduction to Applied Philosophy ”(1923)
• "Monism and pluralism in the system of concepts" (1928)
• “The tragedy of virtue in the“ Brothers Karamazov “Dostoevsky” (1928)
• "The problem of constitutional socialism" ("Modern Notes", 1924-1928)
• Nicholas Hans, Sergius Hessen "Educational Policy in Soviet Russia". London: PS King & son, ltd., 1930.
• "Leone Tolstoj." Volume 14 of Problemi della pedagogia , Avio, 1954.
• Five-year plan and school policy of the Soviet government. // New City. - 1931. - No. 1. - S. 67-77
• The current crisis and the rebirth of capitalism. // New City. - 1932. - No. 3. - S. 60-71
• The modern crisis and the rebirth of capitalism (ending). // New City. - 1932. - No. 4. - S. 21-39
• About the five-year plan and the problem of economic autarky. // New City. - 1932. - No. 5. - S. 56-67
• The tragedy of evil (the philosophical image of Stavrogin). // Way. - 1932. - No. 36. - S. 44-74
• The fate of the communist ideal of education. // New City. - 1933. - No. 6. - S. 42-59

• Hessen / A. I. Abramov // New Philosophical Encyclopedia : in 4 volumes / before. scientific ed. Council V. S. Styopin . - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Thought , 2010 .-- 2816 p.
• Hessen Sergey Iosifovich (Russian) . ToViki . towiki.ru . - Page with ToViki. Date of treatment May 24, 2012. Archived September 22, 2012.
• Hessen Sergey Iosifovich (Russian) . Runivers . www.runivers.ru . - Brief bibliographic reference. Date of treatment May 26, 2012. Archived September 22, 2012.
• Sidorchuk I.V., Rostovtsev E.A. Hessen Sergey Iosifovich // Biography of St. Petersburg State University