Shang State ( Chinese : 商朝 ), alternative names Yin State ( Chinese : 殷代 ) or Shang-Yin State - the early kingdom [1] , which existed from 1554 [2] to 1046 BC in lands north of exit r. Yellow River on the Great Chinese Plain. The Shang state preceded the Zhou state.
| state | |
| Shan State Yin State Shang-Yin State | |
|---|---|
| whale. : 商朝 殷 代 | |
 | |
←  →1600 BC er - 1046 BC. er | |
| Capital | Yinxuy , Zhaoge |
| Languages) | Ancient Chinese |
| Religion | Chinese folk religion |
| Population | 150—200 thousand people |
| Form of government | monarchy |
| Dynasty | Shang Dynasty |
| Official language | |
 | |||
| Prehistoric era (8500-2070 BC) | |||
| 3 lords 5 emperors (2852–2070 BC) | |||
| Xia dynasty (2070–1600 BC) | |||
| Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC) | |||
| Zhou (1046–256 BC) | West Zhou (1046-771 BC. E.) | ||
| Eastern Zhou (770—255 BC) | Spring and Autumn (771-476 BC. E.) | ||
| Fighting kingdoms (403-256 BC. E.) | |||
| Empire of Qin (221-206 BC. E.) | |||
| (Chu Dynasty) - Time of Troubles (209–202 BC) | |||
| Han (206 BC. E. - 220) | Western Han (206 BC. E. - 9) | ||
| Xin : Wang Man (9—23) | |||
| Eastern Han (25-220) | |||
| Three Kingdoms (220-280) | Wei (200-266), Shu (221-263), W (222-280) | ||
Jin (265-420) | West Jin (265-316) | ||
| 16 barbarian states (305-439) | East Jin (317-420) | ||
| Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589) | |||
| Empire Sui (581-618) | |||
| Empire of Tan (618–907) (690–705) | |||
Liao (907-1125) | 5 dynasties and 10 kingdoms (907-960) | ||
Sun (960-1,279) | West Xia (1038–1227) | ||
Jin (1115–1234) | |||
Empire Yuan (1271–1368) | |||
Empire Min (1368–1644) | |||
Empire Qing (1644–1912) | |||
| Republic of china (1912-1949) | Beiyang government (1912-1914) | ||
Chinese empire (1915-1916) | |||
| Era of militarists (1916-1928)
| |||
People's Republic of China (1949 - present century. ) | Republic of China (1949 - present century. ) | ||
Shang is the first Chinese public education, the reality of which is confirmed not only by archaeological finds, but also narrative and epigraphic written sources. The most detailed description of the history of Shang is contained in the Historical Notes by Sima Qian . As a result of the excavations, jiaguven - hieroglyphic inscriptions on the shells of turtles and fortune-telling bones of animals, as well as bronze , jade , ceramic , stone products were found. A large number of finds were made on the territory of the capital, Yinxuy ( Kit. Ex. 殷墟 , Pinyin : Yīnxū , Pall .: Yinxuy ), which was located in the modern city of Anyang in Henan Province. The territory of the ancient city is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List .
Content
Political structure
The political status of different segments of the population was heterogeneous. Van had the power-property , was a sacred figure (he was the high priest). He performed solemn rituals in honor of the late ancestors of di . It was believed that he was a mediator between the world of the living and the deceased ancestors. The power first, from the times of U Dean to U I, was transferred either from brother to brother, or from uncle to nephew. Beginning with Wan Yi, the transfer of power from father to son became the norm. The younger relatives of the Vans, who could not claim to be the highest authority, were the founders of the clans .
The entourage of Vana (administration apparatus, warriors) had a privileged status compared with the peasants. Officials were divided into top administrators, lower manager officials and those responsible for military training and hunting.
Shang State rulers
In addition to the genealogy of the prevailing Wans, Chinese history has preserved the names of their ancestors (eg, , referred to in Shi Jing). See the
Shang Dynasty ( 1600 BC. E. - 1046 BC. E. )
Shang Dynasty has the same name as Yin Dynasty or Shang-Yin Dynasty.
| Personal name | Era of numeration ² | Temple Name³ | Years of Government 1 | The name by which is best known |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheng Tan 成湯 Chéng Tāng | 1600 BC er - 1300 BC er | Tan | ||
| Wai bean 外 丙 Wài Bǐng | Wai bean | |||
| Zhong Ren 仲 壬 Zhòng Rén | Zhong Ren | |||
| Tai jia 太甲 Tài Jiǎ | Tai jia | |||
| Into one 沃丁 Wò Dīng | Into one | |||
| Tai Gen 太 庚 Tài Gēng | Tai Gen | |||
| Xiao Jia 小 甲 Xiǎo Jiǎ | Xiao Jia | |||
| Yun Ji 雍 己 Yōng Jǐ | Yun Ji | |||
| Tai Wu 太戊 Tài Wù | Tai Wu | |||
| Zhong Ding 仲 丁 Zhòng Dīng | Zhong Ding | |||
| Wai ren 外 壬 Wài Rén | Wai ren | |||
| He Dan Jia 亶 甲 Hé Dǎn Jiǎ | He Dan Jia | |||
| Zi Yi 祖乙 Zǔ Yǐ | Zi Yi | |||
| Zu Xin 祖辛 Zǔ Xīn | Zu Xin | |||
| In jia 沃 甲 Wò Jiǎ | In jia | |||
| Zu Ding 祖丁 Zǔ Dīng | Zu Ding | |||
| Nan gen 南 庚 Nán Gēng | Nan gen | |||
| Yang Jia 陽 甲 Yáng Jiǎ | Yang Jia | |||
| Pan Geng 盤庚 Pán Gng | 1300 BC er - 1251 BC. er | Pan Geng 4 | ||
| Xiao Xin 小辛 Xiǎo Xīn | Xiao Xin | |||
| Xiao Yi 小 乙 Xiǎo Yǐ | Xiao Yi | |||
| U ding 武丁 Wǔ Dīng | 1250 BC er - 1192 BC er | U ding | ||
| Zu Geng 祖 庚 Zǔ Gēng | 1191 BC er - 1148 BC er | |||
| Zu jia 祖 甲 Zǔ Jiǎ | Zu jia | |||
| Lin Xin 廩 辛 Lǐn Xīn | Lin Xin | |||
| Geng Dean 庚 丁 Gēng Dīng | Kang Ding 康丁 Kāng Dīng | Kang Ding | ||
| U and 武 乙 Wǔ Yǐ | 1147 BC er - 1113 BC. er | U and | ||
| Wen Ding 5 文 丁 Wén Dīng | 1112 BC er - 1102 BC. er | Wen din | ||
| Di I 帝乙 Dì Yǐ | 1101 BC er - 1076 BC. er | Di I | ||
| Zi Zhou 子 紂 Zǐ Zhòu | Di Xin 帝辛 Dì Xīn | 1075 BC er - 1046 BC er | Di Xin | |
| 1 The first generally recognized date in Chinese history is 841 BC. er . All earlier dates are a subject of discussion, sometimes quite lively. The dates given here are proposed by the Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronological Project , compiled by scientists commissioned by the Chinese government and published in 2000. They are given only as a guide. | ||||
| 2 A throne name is often preceded by the name of a dynasty, Shang (商), for example Shang Tang (商湯). | ||||
| 3 Name used in inscriptions on fortune-telling bones for sacrifice to ancestors. | ||||
| 4 The period of the Shang dynasty, beginning with Ban Gen, is often referred to as the Yin dynasty (из) due to the transfer of the capital to Yin. | ||||
| 5 Also known as Tai Din (太 丁 Tài Dīng). | ||||
Administrative Device
Shan State was divided into structurally unequal parts:
- 1) the capital district with a radius of several tens of kilometers, which was directly subordinate to Van.
- 2) a vast territory of regional possessions (about the 200s), governed by the delegates of Van, his relatives and those close to him. One of these possessions was Zhou .
- 3) beyond the second zone, the inner belt of neyfu passed, followed by an amorphous third zone inhabited by alien tribes who constantly attacked the periphery of the Shan state.
History
In the era of the Shan State (1600 to 1027 BC), the technology for producing bronze appeared on the territory of China as a finished product.
The appearance of bronze metallurgy and chariots in China was the basis for the hypotheses of Indo-European origin of the dynasty [3] [4] . However, in a number of works it is said only about the adoption of technologies from neighbors and about the autochthonousness of the Shang-Yin culture [5] .
According to legend, the clan of Shan rulers descended from Xuan Xiao , the son of Emperor Huang Di. It is known that Minister Y-yin helped to overthrow the previous dynasty .
According to Sima Qian's “Historical Notes”, the leaders of Shang moved their capital six times. From about 1300 BC. er they moved to the area sovr. city of Anyana.
The state’s military conflicts were mainly related to repelling the attacks of nomadic tribes (mostly those of the roon and di ) in the north of the Shan territory.
At the end of the Shang, relations with the rulers of the Zhou possession, located in the western part of the valley of the r. Weihe. In 1027 BC. er The Chjouers, the vassals of the Shang rebelled against the Shang. The army was defeated by Zhou in the decisive battle of Mu and Di Xin , the last Shan ruler committed suicide, not wanting to fall into the hands of the victors. There is a version that the Shan army betrayed Di Sin and went over to the side of the troops of the Chou ruler Wu-wang . Wu-wang handed over power over the trenches to his son Di Sin - Wu Ghen . Soon the trenches started a rebellion, in which U Gen was involved. The regent Zhou-gun, who ruled at that time in Zhou, suppressed the insurgency. He resettled part of the Shan nobility and peasants to the southeastern part of the Great Plain, where the possession of Song originated. The heirs of the Shan rulers continued to rule there for several centuries until the fall of the Song.
Geography
Shan State was located in the basin of the Yellow River .
Population
The population of the Shan state was mainly Mongoloid and made up about 150-200 thousand people.
Economy
Farming, animal husbandry, gathering, hunting
Shantsy engaged in farming, cultivated wheat , barley , beans , beans , hemp , various vegetables and fruits , chumizu . It was during the Shan period that the Chinese began to engage in sericulture . From domestic animals, pigs and dogs prevailed, there were also cows and horses , sheep and goats , chickens , ducks and geese . Perhaps used tamed elephants . Hunting of wild boars , deer and tigers , fishing and game were carried out. Eat mushrooms , berries , roots and herbs . In agriculture, manual labor reigned with the use of wooden tools ( hoes , sickles ) with stone liners or folding parts. The farms were divided into small farms and large fields. There were labor service, natural rent.
Craft
Manufactured tools and weapons . Preserved remains of ceramic, stone-cutting and bronze casting workshops. Ornaments on products from bronze and stone, thin products, jewelry and symbolic images testify to the high qualification of the craftsmen. However, chariots and silk products were delivered only to the palace, while the way of life of ordinary farmers was not much different from their ancestors of the Neolithic era.
Culture
The Shang Dynasty had a complete writing system. Astronomers of the dynasty knew about the existence of Mars and various comets.
Spiritual Culture
The supreme deity was named Shandi , was not personified and identified in many ways with the dead ancestors of the rulers. With the development of religious beliefs, the sky where dead ancestors dwelled became identified with them, and thus it was Heaven that became the supreme common non-personified deity. The emperor, who played the role of the high priest and performed the rites of worship to the spirits of the ancestors, gained the title of Son of Heaven.
The inscriptions also fixate an animistic worship of the forces of nature: ( rain , wind , mountain , river ).
Architecture
The majority of the population of the Shang state lived in semi- dwelling huts. Shan palaces and city walls made according to the methods of khan-tu : layers of earth or clay compacted with stone pestles, limited in width by board bulkheads, row by row — after drying — were laid on each other. A thick clay-earthen wall was created, resembling brickwork from the outside. The wall was fastened with something.
Notes
- ... "... and the Western Zhou (1045-771 BC). Therefore, they can be “The China Social Democratic History, Cambridge University Press, 2013, page 6.
- ... “... 6
- ↑ Nefedov S. А. Factor analysis of the historical process. History of the East . - M: Territory of the future, 2008. - 751 p.]
- ↑ Linduff K. Zhukaigon . Stepp Culture and Rise of Chinese Civilization // Antikuity, 1995. Vol. 69. No. 262. P. 133-145.
- ↑ Barinova E. B. Ethnocultural relations of China with the peoples of Central Asia in antiquity and the Middle Ages // Bulletin of the RSUH. Series “History. Philology. Culturology. Orientalism. - 2014. - Vol. 13 (135) . - P. 23 - 36 . - ISSN 2073-6355 .
Literature
- Sima Qian . Historical notes. T. 1. (translated by Vyatkin R.V. and Taskin V.S.). M., 2001
- Vasiliev KV The Origins of Chinese Civilization. M., 1998.
- Varenov V. A. Armament and military affairs of Yin China. Novosibirsk, 1996
- History of China: Textbook (ed. By A.V. Meliksetov). M., 2004. P.16-26 (author of the section L. S. Vasiliev)