Sodium perchlorate

Sodium perchlorate
Sodium perchlorate
General
Systematic ; name	Sodium perchlorate
Abbreviations	PCN
Chem. formula	NaClO 4
Physical properties
Molar mass	122.45 g / mol
Density	anhydrous salt: 2.4994 g / cm 3 ; monohydrate: 2.02 g / cm³
Thermal properties
T. melt.	monohydrate: 130 ° C
T. decomp.	anhydrous salt: 468 ° C
Chemical properties
Solubility in water	211 25 ; 330 100 g / 100 ml
Optical properties
Refractive index	1.4617 ( n D )
Classification
Reg. CAS number
PubChem
Reg. EINECS number
Smiles
Inchi
RTECS
Chebi
UN number
ChemSpider

Sodium perchlorate (also PCN ) - a chemical compound Na Cl O ₄ , sodium salt of perchloric acid. Strong oxidizing agent . During crystallization, anhydrous salt precipitates from aqueous solutions at temperatures above 51 degrees Celsius, NaClO ₄ · H ₂ O monohydrate below 51 degrees Celsius, and dihydrate below −13 degrees. Both anhydrous salt and crystalline hydrates are very hygroscopic, therefore, sodium perchlorate is mainly used as a raw material for other perchlorates by exchange reactions.

Content

1 General
2 Chemical properties
3 Getting
4 Application
5 Toxicity
6 notes

General information

Colorless crystalline substance with orthorhombic structure. The molecular weight is 122.45 a. e. m . Very soluble in water - more than 209.6 g per 100 g of water at 25 degrees Celsius ^[1] . It is also soluble in ethanol.

When heated to 482 ° C decomposes.

Chemical Properties

Sodium perchlorate as an oxidizing agent can interact with a wide range of combustible substances, for example, with glucose :

{\mathsf {3NaClO_{4}+C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}\rightarrow 6CO_{2}+6H_{2}O+3NaCl}}

{\ displaystyle {\ mathsf {3NaClO_ {4} + C_ {6} H_ {12} O_ {6} \ rightarrow 6CO_ {2} + 6H_ {2} O + 3NaCl}}}

Getting

Sodium perchlorate can be obtained in several different ways, including:

Thermal disproportionation of sodium chlorate :

{\mathsf {4NaClO_{3}{\xrightarrow[{}]{400-500^{o}C}}3NaClO_{4}+NaCl}}

{\ displaystyle {\ mathsf {4NaClO_ {3} {\ xrightarrow [{}] {400-500 ^ {o} C}} 3NaClO_ {4} + NaCl}}}

Electrolytic oxidation of sodium chlorate on a platinum anode.
The reaction between perchloric acid and sodium hydroxide or carbonate.

In industry, the second method is now used almost exclusively.

Application

Previously, sodium perchlorate was used as a herbicide . Even its small admixture in Chilean nitrate caused the death of wheat and some other cultivated plants. Now sodium perchlorate practically does not find independent use, but its excellent solubility in water makes it possible to obtain perchlorates of any metals, ammonium:

{\mathsf {NaClO_{4}+NH_{4}Cl\rightarrow NH_{4}ClO_{4}+NaCl}}

{\ displaystyle {\ mathsf {NaClO_ {4} + NH_ {4} Cl \ rightarrow NH_ {4} ClO_ {4} + NaCl}}}

In addition, by acting on sodium perchlorate with sulfuric acid, free perchloric acid can be obtained.

{\mathsf {NaClO_{4}+H_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow NaHSO_{4}+HClO_{4}}}

{\ displaystyle {\ mathsf {NaClO_ {4} + H_ {2} SO_ {4} \ rightarrow NaHSO_ {4} + HClO_ {4}}}}

Toxicity

Information on the toxicity of sodium perchlorate for animals is contradictory. At the same time, it is obvious that, due to the greater stability of the tetrahedral anion, perchlorates are less toxic than chlorates, chlorites and hypochlorites. However, when ingested, sodium perchlorate greatly disrupts the sodium-potassium balance, since potassium perchlorate is almost insoluble in water (and in biological fluids) at ordinary temperatures.

In rodents (rats, mice, guinea pigs), sodium perchlorate causes an increase in reflex excitability, convulsions and tetanus, often with opisthotonus. These symptoms were observed within 10 minutes after subcutaneous administration to rats of 0.1 g of sodium perchlorate, and after administration of 0.22 g of rat, they died 10 hours later.

Notes

↑ Reagents - SODIUM PERCHLORATE (neopr.) . www.russian-chemistry.ru. Date of treatment February 7, 2019.

[1] Reagents - SODIUM PERCHLORATE (neopr.) . www.russian-chemistry.ru. Date of treatment February 7, 2019.

Sodium perchlorate


General
Systematic name	Sodium perchlorate
Abbreviations	PCN
Chem. formula	NaClO ₄
Physical properties
Molar mass	122.45 g / mol
Density	anhydrous salt: 2.4994 g / cm ³ monohydrate: 2.02 g / cm³
Thermal properties
T. melt.	monohydrate: 130 ° C
T. decomp.	anhydrous salt: 468 ° C
Chemical properties
Solubility in water	211 ²⁵ ; 330 ¹⁰⁰ g / 100 ml
Optical properties
Refractive index	1.4617 ( n _D )
Classification
Reg. CAS number
PubChem
Reg. EINECS number
Smiles
Inchi
RTECS
Chebi
UN number
ChemSpider