Damdin Sukhe-Bator

Early years

Suhe's great-grandfather on his father, Elbeg, was imprisoned because of a confrontation with his own hoshun prince, and, like his son Tugue, Suche's grandfather, was a Sain Era - a robber who gave the spoils to the poor. ^[1] Suhe's father, Damdin, moved from Inner Mongolia to the east of Khalkha, where he married the aratka Khanjah. Sukhe was born on February 2, 1893 in the camp on the southern coast of Kerulen in the hoshun of Setsen-Khan aimag as the third of five children. However, soon, due to the fact that his mother's relatives had a strong dislike for his father, his parents moved to the Chinese trade quarter of Urgi Maimachen . In the capital, his father worked as a day laborer, then as a warden in a prison in the capital. When Suhe was 6 years old, his family moved to the Russian consulate district in Urga, where, playing with Russian children, he learned a little Russian . At the age of 14 he began to teach literacy at Jamyan-Zaisan ; From the age of 16 he worked in the service of urton chase , that is, as a driver . In 1911, Suhe was born the first of three sons from his future wife Yanjima ; however, at first her parents refused to marry them because of the poverty of the groom.

In the Bogd Khan Army

After the declaration of independence of Mongolia, Suhe joined the Bogda Khan army. In 1912, with the assistance of Russian military advisers, the Khujir-Bulunsk military school was founded, and Sukhe was the first soldier transferred to it. Initially he worked as a fire brigade, but, being capable of military affairs, after graduation, he received the position of sergeant in a machine-gun squadron. Then the officer of the tsarist army Vasiliev helped him and other Mongolian soldiers and taught him modern military affairs (the Mongols called him “mustache”). In 1913, Sukhe, having somewhat improved his financial situation, married Yangzhema.

At the end of June 1914, Sukhe took part in military unrest over the unsettled life and corruption among the troops, and was transferred from the capital to the western border under the command of Hatan-Bator Maksarzhava . In 1918, the unit where Suhe served as the commander of a machine-gun company defeated the Bargut army of Bavuzhava in the area of Khalkhin Gol . For this operation, Sukhe received the title of “ Bator, ” that is, “Hero,” becoming since then called Sukhe-Bator. When, in 1918, a printing house opened in Urga for the printing of legislation and the Buddhist canon , led by Zhamian, Suhe-Bator went there to work, leaving the army service ^[2] .

In the Urga Underground

After the occupation of Urga by the Chinese corps Xu Shuzhen, in the fall of 1919, two underground anti-Chinese groups emerged in the city, and Suche-Bator, having lost work due to the closure of the printing house, joined one of them. On March 1, 1920, the groups united and began to issue anti-Chinese leaflets, collecting information about the Chinese garrison of Urga and about the attitude towards the Chinese regime of the highest Mongol nobles and clergy. The groups came into contact with the Russian Bolsheviks who lived in Urga, and in the middle of the year the Comintern residents persuaded the Urgenian underground to send a delegation to the Irkutsk occupied by the Reds. On June 25, the group adopted the name " Mongolian People's Party " ( Mongol. Mongol Ardyn to us ); in early July, Choibalsan left for Irkutsk with Danzan , in the middle of the month Chagdarzhav and Bodoo followed them. On July 25, the remaining underground workers, through Da Plazagdorzh, were able to receive a letter from Bogd Khan requesting Soviet assistance against the Chinese (similar letters were also sent to the United States and the Japanese Empire ), and with this letter Suhe-Bator, Losol and Dogs left for Russia at the end of the month, successfully passing the Chinese outposts ^[3] .

People's Revolution

On August 19, 1920, delegates reached Irkutsk , where they were promised support in exchange for organizing a government loyal to the Soviet government. . In September, Danzan, Losol and Chagdarzhav were sent to Moscow via Omsk ; Sukhe-Bator and Choibalsan remained in Irkutsk for further military training and maintenance of communication between Moscow and Mongolia, and Dosgom and Bodoo returned to Urga. Meanwhile, a number of members of the underground and sympathizers were arrested in Urga.

After the occupation of Urga by the white general Ungern-Sternberg 2, on February 4, 1921, Choibalsan and Chagdarzhav returned to Urga for agitational work among the nobility and the clergy. On February 9, Sukhbaatar was appointed commander-in-chief of the Mongolian People’s Army and began recruiting soldiers, and on February 20, the first clashes with the Chinese who remained in the country took place. At the constituent, I Congress of the MNP in Kyakhta on March 1–13, Sukhe-Bator’s post was confirmed, and he entered the newly formed Provisional Government .

Immediately after the congress, the Provisional Government and the Central Committee of the MNP decided to defeat the Chinese garrison of Maymachen-Kyakhta . On February 15, an ultimatum about surrender was sent to the Chinese; On March 18, the people's militia ( Ardyn Juramt Tsereg ), under the command of Sukhbaatar, took the city , where the government moved and began forming ministries; However, due to the fact that the city was badly damaged during the storming and fires, the government soon moved to neighboring Altan-Bulak .

At the end of May, the Asian division of Ungern approached Troitskosavsk (now Kyakhta ), heading for Buryatia, but the assault led by Ungern personally failed. The news of the defeat of Ungurn instantly spread to Mongolia; ^[4] having learned about this, he went over to the side of the People’s Party Hatan-Bator Maksarzhav , who was in Ulyasutai . At the end of June, the revolutionary troops reached Urga and on July 6, without a fight, occupied the left by the white city. On July 11, the Provisional Government acquired official status; Sukhe Bator became Minister of War. Bogd Khan handed over to Sukhe Bator the state seal - a symbol of the supreme power in the country; a limited monarchy was proclaimed.

Recent years

January 10, 1922 was awarded the Order of the Red Banner .

In 1922, Bodoo , Chagdarzhav and da Lama Puntsagdorzh were executed as "enemies of the people", then Danzan, who sought their execution, was removed from power. Another conspiracy was uncovered during Tsagan Sara in 1923 , and on February 14, Suhe-Bator, after catching a cold after inspecting the guards, died and died six days later. The version of his poisoning by modern researchers is not supported.

The widow of Sukhe-Bator Yanjima , who took “patronymic” Sukhbaataryn after the death of her husband, was a prominent figure in the MPRP, in 1953-1954 she held the position of Chairman of the Great Popular Hural of Mongolia.

In Mongolia

• In 1924, the capital of Mongolia Urga ( Mong. Niisel Khuree ) was renamed Ulan Bator - “the red hero ”. In 1940, the village of Tsagaan Ereg on the banks of the Selenga River was renamed into the town of Sukhe Bator , the administrative center of the Selenga aimag on the border with the USSR ; In 1943, in the south-east of the Mongolian People's Republic, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Small State Hural of the Mongolian People's Republic of February 20, 1943, the Zhakhlant-Sharga aimak and Zhavkhlant-Sharga somon were renamed Sukhe Bator aimak and Sum-Bator somon.
• The first monument to Sukhe Bator by the work of the Soviet sculptor K. Pomerantsev was opened in 1930 near the present square of Suhe-Bator Square and, by order of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the MPRP dated May 26, 1946, was moved to the square in front of the present Ministry of Defense. On July 8, 1946, a monument to Suhe-Bator by S. Choimbol was opened at its old place.
• In 1954–2005, the body of Sukhe-Bator rested in the Mausoleum of Sukhe-Bator and Choibalsan on Suche-Bator Square in the capital of the country and in 2005 was reburied in the Altan-Ulgii cemetery, where it rested in 1923-1954. The mausoleum was dismantled in 2005 .
• The Order of Sukhe Bator is the highest award of the Mongolian People's Republic, established on September 27, 1945 by a resolution of the Small State Khural.
• Since 1925, Mongolia has its own currency - Mongolian Tugrik . On banknotes of Mongolia in denominations of 3, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 and 100 tugriks and on the banknotes of modern Mongolia in 50 and 100 tugriks there is an image of Sukhe-Bator.
• By the Resolution of the Presidium of the Small State Khural of the Mongolian People's Republic of September 12, 1934, the Exemplary Club (since March 1991 - the Cultural Center, the building was rebuilt in 1962) in Amgalan (metropolitan suburb) is named after Sukhbaatar.
• By the Decree of the Presidium of the Small State Khural of the Mongolian People's Republic of February 20, 1943, the name of Sukhe-Bator was assigned to: 1. The Higher Party School (HSU) under the Central Committee of the MPRP (the current Academy of Management under the Government) with the construction of a monument; 2. established an annual award for scientists, art, culture, technology; 3. Three awards for excellent students of HPS, Joint Military School, Central School of the Border Troops, students of the State University.
• By the Decree of the Presidium of the Small State Khural of the Mongolian People's Republic No. 50 dated July 10, 1946, the name Sukhe-Bator was assigned to military unit 05 of the internal troops.
• By the Decree of the Presidium of the Small State Khural of the Mongolian People's Republic No. 35 dated May 23, 1947, the name of Sukhe-Bator was given to the Joint School of the Revolutionary Army (now the University of Defense, in 1997 a bust was built at the central parade ground)
• By the Decree of the Presidium of the Small State Khural of the Mongolian People's Republic No. 10 dated February 21, 1948, the name of D. Sukhbaatar was given to: 1. the state printing house (privatized in the 1990s, the successor was a limited liability company, "єngєt hevelle"); The 2nd secondary school of the city of Ulan Bator (in 2008 a bust was built in front of the entrance); 3. The 5th city bury of Ulaanbaatar (the lowest administrative unit, abolished during the reorganization in the 1970s); 4. To the electrical plant of the city of Ulan Bator (due to technical backwardness it was closed in August 1988); 5. resort in Khuzhirt , with the construction of monuments in Amgalan , the administrative center of Suhe-Bator aimag, with the placement of memorial plaques on the walls of buildings where Suhe-Bator lived and worked.
• By the Decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the MPRP No. 7 of January 4, 1963, the name of Sukhe-Bator was given to the artillery regiment of the People’s Army (later military unit 019, disbanded in 1997 ).
• By the Decree of the Presidium of the Great State Khural of the Mongolian People's Republic No. 79 of April 14, 1965, the name Sukhe-Bator was assigned to: 1. The Mongolian Pioneer Organization; 2. The district of the capital Sukhe Bator is formed .
• By the Decree of the Presidium of the Great State Khural of the Mongolian People's Republic No. 345 of November 6, 1979, the 2nd Motorized Rifle Division of the Armed Forces of Mongolia was named after Sukhe-Bator (reorganized into military unit 336 in 2002).
• In 1932–1934, 1956–1985, since 1985 the cargo and passenger ship Sukhe-Bator has been sailing on Lake Hubsugul .
• D. Sukhe-Bator are directly or indirectly dedicated to the postage stamps of Mongolia No. 054, 055, 061 (055 with overprints), 072, 076, 081, 091, 093, 105—106, 112, 125, 219, 259, 311—312, 424, 559 (424 with an overprint), 617, 619, 723, 757–761, 1003 (Order of Suhe-Bator), 1306, 1392, 1575, 1582, 1667, 2074, 2074 (with an overprint), 2121, 2134, 1575 (with overprint), 3053

In Russia

• In the name of Sukhe-Bator, the T-34 tank tank of the “Revolutionary Mongolia” tank of the 112th Red Banner Tank Brigade during the Great Patriotic War was named, and the 44th Guards Order of Berdichev Order of Lenin, later the Red Banner Regiment of the Armed Forces of the USSR and the Russian Federation , Kutuzov, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Red Star, Mongolian People's Republic: Sukhe Bator, Battle Red Banner Sukho Bator Training Tank Regiment , stationed in the city of Vladimir .
• In Moscow, a memorial plaque was installed on the facade of the Metropol Hotel in memory of Sukhbaatar staying here.
• The following streets are named after Sukhe Bator:
  • in Barnaul - Sukhe Bator Street
  • in Irkutsk - Sukhe Bator Street ← Red Star ← Tikhvin Street.
  • in Kurgan - Sukhe Bator Street
  • in Kyakhta - the house-museum of Sukhe Bator
  • in Novo-Lenino, Irkutsk Region - Sukhe-Bator Street
  • in Ulan-Ude - Sukhe Bator Street
  • in Elista - Sukhe Bator Street

In 1942 in the USSR the film “ His name is Sukhe-Bator ” (directed by Joseph Kheifits ) was shot. The radio play “The Bogatyr of the Mongolian Steppes” was staged (in the main role Vladimir Vysotsky ).

In Kyrgyzstan

• The following streets are named after Sukhe Bator:
  • in Bishkek - Sukhe Bator Street

In Buryatia

• in Ulan-Ude - Sukhe Bator Street
• in Nova-Kurbe - Sukhe Bator Street

In Kazakhstan

• The following streets are named after Sukhe Bator:
  • in Almaty - Sukhe Bator Street
  • in Taraz - Sukhe Bator Street
  • in Shymkent - Sukhe Bator Street

• Mongolian popular revolution