Stem

By branch type

• dichotomous
• false dichotomous
• monopodial
• sympodial

Location relative to soil level

• aboveground
• underground

By degree of lumbering

• grassy
• ligneous (for example, the trunk is the main perennial stem of a tree ; the stems of shrubs are called trunks )

By direction and nature of growth

• upright (e.g. sunflower )
• lying (creeping) - the stems lie on the surface of the soil without rooting ( loosestrife is monetized )
• rising (ascending) - the lower part of the stem lies on the surface of the soil, and the upper rises vertically ( saber )
• creeping - stems creep along the ground and take root due to the formation of subordinate roots in the nodes ( buds are ivy , crowns )
• clinging (climbing) - are attached to the support with the help of antennae ( peas )
• curly - thin stems entwining a support ( moon seed , bindweed )

Cross-sectional shape

• rounded
• flattened
• three-, four-, multifaceted (faceted)
• ribbed
• winged - stems, in which flat grassy outgrowths ( forest rank ) or down-lying leaf bases ( comfrey ) stretch along sharp edges.
• furrowed.

Overhead Modified Shoots

• the kidneys
• spines
• antennae
• treasures
• tuberidia (pseudobulb)

Kidney is an embryonic escape. Being a kidney, the young shoot is protected from cold, heat and other adverse environmental conditions. In favorable conditions, a full-fledged escape develops from it.

Kidneys are:

• apical - they provide stem growth in length
• axillary - lateral shoots form from them
• floral - flowers develop from them
• subordinate branches - of which subordinate shoots develop - overgrowth . Accessory shoots originate from sleeping buds

Thorn is a highly ligniferous leafless, shortened shoot with a sharp tip ^[1] .

Antennae are modified side shoots that cling plants are equipped with ^[2] .

Cladody is a photosynthetic shoot that has lost leaves during development. Cladodias, which are similar to leaves, are called phallocladies ^[3] .

Tuberidia is a thickened aerial part of the stem in representatives of the Orchidaceae family, which performs the function of storing water and nutrients.

Underground Modified Shoots

• rhizomes
• stolons
• tubers
• bulbs
• tuberoid stem root

Rhizome does not have a root cap and root hairs . There are leaves in the form of a scaly film on it, kidneys are placed in the sinus. An overground shoot is formed from one part of these buds, and an underground shoot from the other. From the apical kidney of the rhizome, an underground rhizome stem is continuously formed, and from the lateral buds - aboveground stems. Rhizomes are highly viable . Some plants are propagated by rhizomes, for this rhizome is divided into parts with buds, buried in the ground.

Stolon is an elongated thin shoot with underdeveloped leaves, the main function of which is vegetative propagation . May participate in the accumulation of substances. Unlike rhizomes, it is short-lived ^[4] .

Tubers are located at the top of the stolons formed at the base of the underground stems of the plant. Organic matter accumulates in them in the form of starch . This part of the stem thickens and turns into a tuber. On the surface of a potato tuber there are many indentations called eyes . They are arranged in a spiral . Each eye has 2-3 kidneys. Potatoes are propagated by tubers or divided parts of the tuber with the kidneys.

Bulb - a shortened underground shoot. Bulbs are pear-shaped, ovoid and spherical in shape. The bottom of the bulb is a shortened stem. At the bottom are modified leaves - scales. Inner flakes are rich in sugary substances. A fibrous root system forms on the lower part of the bottom. In the sinus of fleshy scales attached to the bottom, very often there are kidneys, from which new bulbs develop - children.

The stem root tuberoid is a storage, annually replaced underground organ that combines root and stem structures in its anatomical structure. Characteristic for representatives of Orchidaceae . The structure of the stem root tuberoid has an important taxonomic significance at the level of genera and species.

This is the process of forming shoots of a new one-year growth from the buds on the shoots of last year.

• Fedorov Al. A. , Kirpichnikov M. E. and Artyushenko Z. T. Atlas on the descriptive morphology of higher plants. Stem and root / USSR Academy of Sciences. Botanical Institute. V. L. Komarova. Under the total. ed. Corr. USSR Academy of Sciences P.A. Baranov. Photos of M. B. Zhurmanov. - M. — L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962. - 352 p. - 3,000 copies.

• Lotova L.I. Botany: Morphology and anatomy of higher plants . - Moscow: Editorial URSS, 2001 .-- 528 p.
• Rostovtsev S.I. Stable // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.