Nanai

The word “Nanai” is interpreted as “to” - the earth, “nay” - a man, a man of the earth (G. Hodger “Pitch-Dark Twilight”). In the past, Nanai were known in the literature in Russian and other European languages ​​as gold ^[2] . In China, the Nanai people are known as Hezhe ( Kit. Ex . 赫哲族 , Pinyin : Hèzhé zú ). The self-name "grassroots" (living downstream of Naihin along the Amur), the Nanaians - "Nani" - is also a self-name of Ulchi. And the Nanais living above Naikhin along the Amur River often call themselves "Heze (ni)" in Nanai, which can be translated as "living downstream" (apparently, in relation to the Nanai people of China and Manchus) and constitutes a certain paradox, because that for a significant part of the Nanais it is now just the "high" Nanaians.

Nanai are carriers of the Baikal anthropological type with a small admixture of the North Chinese anthropological component ^[3] .

In the gene pools of the two largest clans (clan associations) of the Nanaians - Beldy and Samar - the Y-chromosomal haplogroup N3a6 , which is specific for the Amur region, prevails . The datings of the Y-STR haplotype network clusters show that the Samar clan (1,400 ± 500 years) may be “older” than the Belda clan (800 ± 500 years). The Y chromosomal gene pool of the beldy is 98% composed of three haplogroups: N3, C2 and O. The y-chromosomal gene pool of the beldy consists 84% ​​of the haplogroup N3a6, the haplogroups O1b, C2b1a and J2a1a account for the remaining 16% of the gene pool ^{[4] [5]} .

The first information about the resettlement of the indigenous peoples of the Amur basin appeared in Russia in the middle of the 17th century, during the campaigns of Khabarov and other explorers. According to the historian B.P. Polevoi , the Ducher , who lived in the lower reaches of the Sungari and along the Amur River near the mouths of the Sungari and Ussuri, were Nanai ^{[6] [7]} . However, it is more generally accepted to this day remains expressed in the XIX century. the opinion that the dyucher were descendants or close relatives of the Jurchen , and the Nanai were probably known to the explorers as “achans” and “natks”, and spread to areas previously populated by the dyuers by the tillers of the dyucher by Chinese authorities in the depth of Manchuria in the second half of 1650 s ^{[3] [8] [9]} .

The role of the dog in spiritual culture

The study shows the enormous role of the dog in the spiritual culture of the Nanai. In traditional culture, the Nanais understood the world from a mythological and animistic point of view. The image of a dog in mythology is closely related to man. For example, the image of the mythical Iron Dog (bitch) is regarded as female and has positive and negative properties. Often this image is one of the main characters of the legends about the origin of the Nanai clans, which shows its archaic nature.

In shamanism, the most significant is the supernatural image of the dog helper and patron of the shaman. With its help, the shaman carried out the search work of a lost or stolen human soul.

Analysis of fishing rituals, shamanism, life-cycle rituals, shows that the image of a dog is based on ancient Amur roots. The ideas of the Nanaians associated with the dog reflect the functions of the guardian and protector of his master, inherent in it since ancient times. They were reflected in almost all manifestations of the traditional culture: in the rituals of the life cycle, shamanism and field cults.

In general, an analysis of the ethnocultural characteristics of the Nanai dog breeding shows that the image and role of the dog in various aspects of dog breeding and, more broadly, the culture of the Nanai, makes it possible to use it as an ethno-identifying marker, to trace the ethnic homogeneity of the Nanai ethnos. ^[ten]

The Beijing Treaty of 1860, having made the Amur and Ussuri rivers the state border, divided the region of residence of the Nanais between Russia and China.

Most of the Nanais of Russia (92.29%) live in the Khabarovsk Territory (10,771 people, of which 3,950 people in the Nanai district ). Nanai villages are located on both banks of the middle Amur (approximately from Khabarovsk to Komsomolsk-on-Amur ) and on its tributaries, as well as on the Russian (eastern) bank of the Ussuri ( Pozharsky district of Primorsky Krai ).

In China ( Heilongjiang Province), Nanai reside on the right bank of the Amur River between the mouths of the Songhua and Ussuri ( Tongjiang and Fuyuan counties of the Jiamusi district) and on the left bank of the Ussuri ( Raohe district of the Shuangyashan district) ^[11] .

The number of Nanai in the USSR in 1989 according to the census was 12,023, of which in the RSFSR it was 11,883. According to the 2002 census of the Russian population, 12,160 people. According to the 2000 census, 4,600 Nanai lived in China ^[12] .

Number of Nanai in Russia:

The number of Nanai in the settlements in 2002 ^[13] : Khabarovsk Territory :

• Komsomolsk-on-Amur 986
• Amursk 771
• Khabarovsk city ​​768
• Daerga village 629
• Juen 466
• Naikhin village 460
• Achan village 445
• Jari village 439
• Verkhny Nergen Village 394
• settlement sinda 391
• village Troitskoe 385
• village Condon 384
• village Lidoga 359
• Dada village 351
• Voznesenskoye village 300
• Ommi village 281
• village of Lower Khalby 249
• Sikachi-Alyan village 232
• Belgo village 212
• Mayak village 130
• village Ulika-National 126
• the village of Verkhnyaya Ekon 111
• town Elban 110
• village Ust-Gur 100

Primorsky Krai :

• village Red Yar 103

• 1964 - 0.71 thousand people. ^[14]
• 1982 - 1.48 thousand people. ^[14]
• 1990 - 4.25 thousand people. ^[14]
• 2000 - 4.64 thousand people. ^[14]
• 2010 - 5.35 thousand people. ^[14]

The Nanaian language belongs to the Manchu-Tungus language group. In Russia, Cyrillic-based writing is used, in China, it is practically unwritten (some publications discussing the language use pinyin for transcription).

Nanai administrative-territorial formations are currently (2011) in Russia and China. In Russia, these include the Nanai district .

In China, the Evenk ATO includes three national parishes in Heilongjiang .

Heilongjiang

Jiamusi City District

• Tongjiang City County
  • Bacha-Nanai National Parish (八 岔 赫哲族 乡)
  • Jetszinkou-Nanaian National Parish (街 津 口 赫哲族 乡)

City District Shuangyashan

• Raohe County
  • Drain-Nanaian National Parish (四 排 赫哲族 乡)

Today, there are 30 Nanai families, last names:

• Dersu Uzala (1849-1908) - hunter, guide of the Russian scientist and traveler Vladimir Arsenyev in his expeditions of 1906-1907.
• Cola Beldy ( 1929 - 1993 ) - pop singer, Honored Artist of the RSFSR .
• Gregory Hodger ( 1929 - 2006 ) - Nanai writer. Laureate of the State Prize. M. Gorky (1973).
• Maxim Alexandrovich Passar (1923–1943) - sniper, participant of the Great Patriotic War, Hero of the Russian Federation (02/16/2010, posthumously).
• Andrei Alexandrovich Passar (1925–2013) - poet.
• Alexander Pasdalievich Passar (1922-1988) - Hero of the Soviet Union (08/23/1944), intelligence officer.
• Sulungu Nikolaevich Onenko (1916–1985) - a participant in the Great Patriotic War, Candidate of Philology, author of an academic Nanai-Russian dictionary, was buried in Novosibirsk .
• Vladimir Semenovich Zaksor (1931—1971) - the writer.
• Kile Pongs - songwriter.
• Peter Kiel - a writer.
• Akim Dmitrievich Samar (1916-1943) - the first Nanai writer.
• Han Geng (born 1984) is a former member of the Super Junior group. Now she is engaged in a solo career in China.

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  Nanai girl

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  Nanai children

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  Dersu Uzala

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  Nanai idols (drawing by Maack , 1850s)

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  Nanai and Kunst & Albers Store Employees

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  Nanai Women's Costume

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  Modern women's clothing in the national style

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  Nanai men's fish skin costume

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  Children's choreographic ensemble, Nanai district

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  The interior of a traditional winter Nanai dwelling.
  For heating and cooking is a can .
  Khabarovsk Regional Museum named after N. I. Grodekov

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  Summer Nanai dwelling of birch bark and willow twigs. In the background there are hangers for yukols , in front are fishing nets and a wooden anchor .
  Khabarovsk Regional Museum named after N. I. Grodekov

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  Nanai Omorochki , in the background - Udegei baht .
  Khabarovsk Regional Museum named after N. I. Grodekov

• Petroglyphs of Sikachi-Alyan
• Rimebird is a boat with birch bark , traditionally used by Nanai.
• Tala is a Nanaian fresh fish dish.

• Gaer E. A. , Turaev V. A .; Esipova M.V. , Sychenko G. B. (oral art). Nanaian // Great Russian Encyclopedia : electronic version. - 2016. - Date of circulation: 03/03/2018.
• Nanay // Siberia. Atlas of Asian Russia . - M .: Top book, Feoria, Design. Information. Cartography, 2007. - 664 p. - ISBN 5-287-00413-3 .
• Nanais // Peoples of Russia. Atlas of cultures and religions. - M .: Design. Information. Cartography , 2010. - 320 p. - ISBN 978-5-287-00718-8 .
• Nanaian // Ethnoatlas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory / Council of the Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Public Relations Office; Ch. ed. R. G. Rafikov ; Editorial: V.P. Krivonogov , R. D. Tsokayev. - 2nd ed., Pererab. and add. - Krasnoyarsk: Platinum (PLATINA), 2008. - 224 p. - ISBN 978-5-98624-092-3 . Archived November 29, 2014. Archived copy of November 29, 2014 on Wayback Machine

• Nanais (on the website of the Association of Indigenous and Minority Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation)
• Arctic multilingual portal. Nanai