The dot is one of the diacritics used in spelling on a Latin basis, as well as in phonological transcriptions. According to the position relative to the main character, there are superscript (above the letter), subscript (under the letter) and in-line [ unknown term ] (on the side or inside the letter) of the dot.
| Point | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| ◌̇◌̣ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Images
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| Specifications | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Title | ◌̇ : combining dot above ◌̣ : combining dot below | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unicode | ◌̇ : U + 0307 ◌̣ : U + 0323 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| HTML code | ◌̇ : ̇ or ̇◌̣ : ̣ or ̣ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Utf-16 | ◌̇ : 0x307 ◌̣ : 0x323 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Url | ◌̇ :% CC% 87 ◌̣ :% CC% A3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Content
Point above
Point above ( English dot above, overdot, superdot ) ( ◌̇ ) - a point placed above the letter.
Unicode
In Unicode, the combinable dot on top is called COMBINING DOT ABOVE and has the code U + 0307.
Use in writing
- In Lithuanian, the letter ė means long closed / ē /. The same letter is sometimes used in the Latin transliteration of the Russian letter E.
- In Maltese there are letters ċ / ʧ / ġ / ʤ / ż / z /
- In Polish and in old Lithuanian and Czech spellings, the letter ż stands for the deaf hissing spirant / ʐ / (Russian w). Presumably introduced by Jan Hus and in the Czech itself over time turned into a gadget .
- In the Chechen Latin alphabet of 1992, there were five letters with a high point: ċ [ʦ '], ç̇ [ʧ'], ġ [ʁ], ẋ [ħ], q̇ [q ']
- In traditional Irish spelling, the high point was used over consonants to denote leniency (called ponc séimhithe 'point of leniency'). In modern transmission, dots are usually replaced with the letter h . The same point was sometimes put over m, n: ṁ, ṅ to denote a nasalized mutation. Their pronunciation did not change.
Old Irish letters with a dot on top.
| ḃ | ċ | ḋ | ḟ | ġ | ṁ | ṗ | ṡ | ṫ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| / w vʲ / | / x ç / | / ɣ j / | / - / | / ɣ j / | / w vʲ / | / f / | / h / | / h / |
- ċ and ġ was sometimes used in Old English , denoting / ʧ / and / j / in contrast to the usual velar c / k / and g / g /.
- The dot over lowercase i and j is not diacritic. But diacritics can be considered a point over the Turkish capital İ and the absence of a dot over lowercase: ı and j ( U + 0237 ).
Use in transcriptions and transliterations
The point is not used in MFAs and is rarely used in other transcriptions:
- In the Semitic tradition, ġ denotes the sonorous velar spirant / ɣ /, denoted by the letter gein . In other transcriptions, it can transmit the velar nasal / ŋ / .
- ṅ transmits a velar [ ŋ ], more often transmitted by a macron over n .
- ȧ is sometimes used as a symbol for the vowel middle row of the lower rise (MFA: ɐ̞ ), which is represented for example by the Russian phoneme / a /.
- ṁ transmits the Sanskrit sign to bindu ( anusvara ), corresponding to the nasalization of the previous vowel. Sometimes transmitted by a dot on top (see above).
- In Latgale transcription, ẏ denotes the allophone of the phoneme / i /, intermediate between [y] and [i].
- With the letters p and q, instead of the lower point (see below), the upper point is usually used: ṗ q̇.
Other uses
- When recording epigraphy, a dot under the letter indicates an uncertain reading.
- In mathematics and physics, a dot denotes a time derivative , for example: .
Bottom Point
Point below ( eng. Dot below, underdot, subdot ( ◌̣ ) - diacritical mark, placed under the letter.
Unicode
In Unicode, the subscript is called COMBINING DOT BELOW and has the code U + 0323.
Use in writing
- In the Vietnamese dot under the vowel, the descending glottalized tone (nặng) is indicated: ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ.
- In the Yoruba African language, there are letters ẹ [ɛ̙] ọ [ɔ̙] ṣ [ʃ], in which the dot is interchangeable with a more traditional vertical stroke under the letter.
- In Asturian , the letter Ḷḷ ḷḷ is used to convey a number of sounds ([ ɖ , dʐ , tʂ and t͡s ]) of Western dialects corresponding to the standard palatal ll [[[palatal lateral sonant | ʎ]]].
Use in transcriptions and transliterations
- The dot under the letter is not used in the standard set of MFAs , although if necessary it is used for apical retroflex [ ṣ ẓ ], when they need to be contrasted with subapical and / or laminar cacuminal, for example, in Toda and Ubykh languages.
- In traditional phonological transcriptions, most often, the dot under the letter denotes the Abruptive consonants : ḳ ḷ ṣ ṭ Ḷ / ƛ̣ f ṣ̌ ɕ̣ x̣ χ̣ q̇ ɬ̣.
- In Semitic and other Afrasian languages, the lower point is used to indicate emphatic consonants : ḍ ḳ q̇ ṛ ṣ ṣ́ ṭ ẓ, the specific phonetic implementation of which depends on the language.
- In Indo-Aryan , Dravidian, and less often other languages, the dot denotes retroflex consonants : ḍ ḷ ḹ ṇ ṛ ṝ ṣ ṭ ẓ.
- The dot under the vowels ẹ ị ọ ụ is used to indicate closed vowels ([eiou]), while the hook under the same letters indicates their openness (ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ]).
- In traditional Lithuanian transcription, ẹ denotes on the contrary a short closed / e /.
- ḥ conveys the Sanskrit visargue [ h ] and the Semitic letter hat , pronounced [ ħ ], [ x ] or [ χ ].
- ṃ transmits the Sanskrit sign to bindu ( anusvara ), corresponding to the nasalization of the previous vowel. Sometimes transmitted by a dot on top (see above).
- In German dictionaries, the dot under the vowel indicates the stress and brevity of the vowel.
Midpoint
•
The middle point ( Eng. Middle dot, interpunct ).
Unicode
Unicode has the symbols midpoint ( MIDDLE DOT ) with the code 0183 and a dot to the right above the letter with the code U + 0358.
Use in writing
Commonly used as a punctuation mark .
- In Catalan, L with a dot is used in combination with another L, when you need to show that they are pronounced separately (col·lecció), while usually ll stand for palatal / λ / (castellà).
- In Taiwanese Latin, the letter o • denotes a more open vowel / ɔ / than a simple o .
Use in Transcriptions
- In lithuanism, the vowel longitude (tension) is indicated by a raised dot to the right of the sign (for example, / a . / = / Aː /), half-vowels and diphthong components are indicated by a dot below (for example [a.], [Ai], [εi.] , there is no conformity in the IPA ).
- In the Cyrillic transcription of the Russian language, the dot to the left of the letter denotes the preemption of the initial phase of the vowel, caused by the position after the soft consonant: ter [ t'тor ] (= IPA [tʲɵ̞r] ); and the dot on the right above the letter is the termination of the final phase of the vowel, caused by the position in front of the soft consonant: only [to͘l '] (= MFA [tɵ̞lʲ] ).