The Duchy of Pomerania is a modern term adopted by historians to designate the territory under the rule of the local Slavic dynasty of Greifenov (Grifitov) [12] from the 12th to the 17th centuries, with changing external and internal borders within the historical region of Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea .
| duchy | |||
| Duchy of Pomerania | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Herzogtum Pommern , Księstwo pomorskie | |||
| |||
 | |||
←  ←   → →1121 - 1637 | |||
| Capital | Stettin | ||
| Largest cities | Wolgast, Demmin, Usedom, Stargard, Kohlberg | ||
| Languages) | Deutsch | ||
| Religion | Catholicism | ||
| Form of government | monarchy | ||
| Dynasty | Greifen (Griffiths) | ||
| Official language | |||
| • 1119 - 1135 | Vartislav I | ||
| • 1135 - 1155 | Ratibor I | ||
| • 1187 - 1278 | Barnim I Good | ||
| • 1438 - 1523 | Bohuslav X the Great | ||
Today, the lands of the former duchy are part of the federal state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany and the Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland .
Content
History
In the territory of Pomerania, during the historical process, several local duchies were formed, with repeatedly changing borders and sovereigns belonging to the Greifen dynasty. To the title of the local duke, in addition to indicating ownership of the Pomeranian House, as a rule, the name of the territory he ruled was added.
- Duchy of Pomerania - Bart (1372-1451)
- Duchy of Pomerania - Demmin (c. 1170-1264)
- Duchy of Pomerania - Stettin (c. 1170/1295 - 1464), (1532/1541 - 1625/1637)
- The Duchy of Pomerania - Wolgast (1295-1474 / 1478), (1532/1541 - 1625/1637)
- Duchy of Pomerania - Stolp (1368/1372 - 1459)
- Duchy of Pomerania - Stargard (1377-1459)
- Duchy of Pomerania - Rügen (1569-1620)
In 1140, the Cummin Bishopric was founded on the territory of the Duchy of Pomerania. The bishop's chair was from 1140 to 1150/1155 in Wolin , then temporarily in the Abbey of the Holy Sepulcher in Usedom , and, finally, from 1178 in Cummin . During the Reformation , the bishopric was secularized. In 1556, under the Duke Johann Friedrich, the lands of the bishopric were transferred to the representatives of the Pomeranian House, who owned them until the death of the last ruler from the Greifen dynasty. In 1325, the Principality of Rugen became part of the duchy, on the territory of which there were bishoprics of Schwerin (land on the mainland) and Roskilde (islands).
Founding of the Duchy
Around 995, Boleslaw I the Brave , Prince of Poland tried to subjugate the land east of the Oder . In 1005-1013, after the war with Poland, Pomerania gained state sovereignty. Early attempts to Christianize the region failed. The conflict that began in 1042 between Prince Zemomysl of Pomerania and Casimir I , Prince of Poland, was settled in 1046 by Emperor Henry III in the course of negotiations between the warring parties. Around 1100, several princes of Pomerania are mentioned in the annals, but it is impossible to trace their genealogical ties. The historical pedigree of the dukes of Pomerania, compiled in the XVI-XVII centuries, although it mentions their legendary ancestor, Prince Svantibor , does not clearly indicate his actual consanguinity with subsequent generations. The same thing is observed in other sources of the beginning of the XII century, mainly Polish chronicles, which speak of the Dukes of Pomerania. Thus, the brothers Vartislav I and Ratibor I today are unanimously recognized by historians as the first dukes of Pomerania and the founders of the Pomeranian House.
In 1121 , under Duke Bartislava I, Boleslaw III Krivousty , prince of Poland, wanting to consolidate his influence in Pomerania, sent Christian missionaries to the lands of the duchy, but this mission was not successful. In May 1124 , at the request of the same prince, Bishop Otto of Bamberg went on a mission to Pomerania. His preaching in Piritsa , Volyn and Cammina converted to Christianity a large part of the local population and the entire noble estate, for which he was awarded the title of “Apostle of the People of Pomerania” by church historians. In February 1125, he completed his first mission. During the second mission in 1128, Otto Bamberg preached in Demmin and Usedom. After the death of Duke Vartislav I, at the end of the XII century the lands of the duchy were divided between his two sons, Casimir I and Boguslav I , thus forming the duchies of Pomerania-Demmin and Pomerania-Stettin. Boguslav I in 1181 in Lubeck became an imperial prince with the title “Duke of Slavic”, but already in 1185 he was forced to recognize vassal dependence on the rulers of Denmark , from which the dukes of Pomerania got rid in 1227 after the battle of Bornhöved [2] . Again, the dukes of Pomerania became imperial princes in 1231 during the struggle between the Margraves of Brandenburg from the Askanian dynasty and Emperor Frederick II . Under this status they are mentioned in treaties in Kremmen (in 1236 ) and Landin (in 1250 ). At the same time, vast lands were included in the duchy, including Stargard and Ukermark .
Duchy of Pomerania-Demmin
It was founded in 1170 . The first duke of Pomerania-Demmin was Casimir I, the son of Bartislav I. But with the death of May 17, 1264, Bartislav III , the grandson of Boguslav I, the duchy ceased to exist. At the same duke in 1236, the duchy lost land to the west of Demmin: Circulation went to the rulers of Mecklenburg , Stargard and Mecklenburg-Strelitz to the rulers of Brandenburg. The beginning of active resettlement on the territory of the duchy of the Germans and the acquisition of legal status by them dates back to the same time.
Duchy of Pomerania-Stettin
It was founded in 1170. The first duke of Pomerania-Stettin was Bohuslav I, married to Princess Anastasia of Poland , daughter of Meshko III . In 1264, his grandson, Duke Barnim I the Good , also inherited the title of Duke of Pomerania-Demmin and contributed to the resettlement of Germans in the territory of the duchy. Under him, self-government was adopted in many cities of Pomerania. By the treaty in Landin of 1250, the Duchy included Uckermark, previously owned by Brandenburg.
The sons of Barnim I Boguslav IV (from the first marriage), and Otton I (from the second marriage), after the untimely death of his brother Duke Barnim II in 1295 , divided the lands of the duchy once again. So, the duchy of Pomerania-Volgast was formed under the rule of Boguslav IV and the duchy of Pomerania-Stettin was ruled by Otto I.
Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast
It was founded in 1295 . The first duke was Boguslav IV . His son Vartislav IV in 1317 annexed to the duchy of the land of Schlave-Stolp , remaining after the disappearance in 1295 of the duchy of Samborski . In 1325 , after the death of Wisław III, Prince Rügen , the last representative of the Wisławid dynasty , the territory of the principality also became part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Volgast.
From 1368 to 1372, the duchy was divided into Eastern Pomerania under the leadership of Boguslav V and Western Pomerania under the leadership of Barnim IV . In 1372, both parts were combined under the leadership of Vartislav V.
In 1456, the Dukes founded the University of Greifswald . From 1478 to 1523, the duchy lost its autonomous status, its lands were under the control of Boguslav X the Great , Duke of Pomerania. But already in 1523 it was restored to its former borders. In 1534, Johann Bugenhagen , a prominent figure in the Reformation, preached on the territory of the Duchy.
Duchy of Pomerania-Stolpe
It was founded on May 15, 1368 under an agreement in Anklam , which on May 8, 1372 was confirmed by an agreement in Stargard. The first duke was Boguslav V (died in 1374). He was succeeded by his sons, Casimir IV (died in 1377), Barnim V and Boguslav VIII (died in 1418), after whose death the duchy was ruled by his widow, Princess Sofia Holstein , who was until 1425 the regent with her underage son, Duke Bohuslav IX . In 1446, the duchy passed under the control of Erich VII , king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, who ruled the duchy under the name of Erich I. After his death, the duchy passed to Erich II , Duke of Pomerania-Volgast, whose son Bohuslav X the Great , united all the local duchies under his power and became the single duke of Pomerania.
Abolition of the Duchy
During the Thirty Years War in 1630, Pomerania was under the occupation of Sweden. With the death in 1637 of the childless Bohuslav XIV , the last duke of the Greifen dynasty, the duchy ceased to exist. According to the agreement in Grimnitsa from 1529 , the title and lands of the Dukes of Pomerania, in the event of the termination of the dynasty, were transferred to the Electors of Brandenburg. But in 1648, under the Treaty of Westphalia, control over the lands of the duchy was divided between the Elector Brandenburg-Prussia and the Kingdom of Sweden . The final separation occurred under the Stettin Treaty in 1653 [3] . Under the Vienna Treaty in 1815, the entire territory of the former duchy became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and became one of its provinces, which lasted until 1945 .
See also
- History of Pomerania
- List of Pomeranian rulers
Notes
- ↑ [1] Shafrov G. M. Genealogical tables on the history of European states. Edition 7 corrected and supplemented (541 tables), tab. 36-38
- ↑ Borningoved // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 vol.] / Ed. V.F. Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.
- ↑ Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning. Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (in German) .. - Münster-Berlin: Koehler & Amelang, 1995 .-- S. 232, 233. - ISBN 3-7338-0195-4 . .
Literature
- Johann Jakob Sell: Geschichte des Herzogtums Pommern . 1. Teil, Berlin 1819 ( Volltext ); 2. Teil, Berlin 1819 ( Volltext ); 3. Teil, Berlin 1820 ( Volltext ).
- Wilhelm v. Sommerfeld: Geschichte der Germanisierung des Herzogtums Pommern oder Slavien bis zum Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts . Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896. (Nachdruck: Elibron Classics 2005, ISBN 1-4212-3832-2 und ISBN 1-4212-3831-4 , eingeschränkte Vorschau )
- Martin Wehrmann: Geschichte von Pommern. Band 1. 2. Auflage. Verlag Friedrich Andreas Perthes, Gotha 1919. (Nachdruck: Augsburg 1992, ISBN 3-89350-112-6 )