The Union of the Liberation Struggle ( Związek Walki Wyzwoleńczej, ZWW ) is an underground military-political organization that was created in 1941 by the Communists of Warsaw and in 1941 - early 1942 acted on the territory of Poland occupied by the Third Reich .
History
The formation of clandestine organizations and groups of socialist orientation began in 1940-1941 (in particular, in early 1940, the Warsaw communist organization " Hammer and Sickle ", the group "Bulletinists" and "Workers' Guard" appeared in the capital) [1] [2] .
In July 1940, the first meeting was held in Rembertuv, in the house of Zygmunt Dushinsky, in which about 20 activists took part (Zygmunt Jarosz, Jerzy Albrecht, Ganka Savitskaya, Szensny Dobrovolsky, etc.). At this meeting, the main organizational issues were resolved, and leaders were elected. At the next meeting, priority areas of activity were identified: ideological work and expansion of the organization [3] , as well as the study of the experience of military operations in 1939 and military affairs [2] .
In late September - early October 1941, the consolidation of underground organizations and groups of socialist orientation began, and as a result of the unification of several smaller organizations, the Union of the Liberation Struggle arose [1] .
At the disposal of the organization was a radio receiver, which was hidden in a cache in the house of Z. Dushinsky [3] [2] .
Initially, ZWW united anti-fascist groups of workers from a number of industrial enterprises in Warsaw (trams, railroad, gas factory workers, metal workers in Gerlach's factory and propeller factory) and workers' organizations in Lodz and Czestochowa [4] . The main part of ZWW activists in the initial period of activity were activists from the organizations Hammer and Sickle,Sztandar Wolności ”and the group“ Bulletinists ” [5] . The main form of unification of ZWW participants was a group of five people ("five") [3] .
ZWW was engaged in propaganda activities, in June 1941 the publication of a radio newsletter (“ Biuletyn Radiowy ”) was launched, which was published twice a week with a circulation of about 700 copies. In July 1941, the publication of the newspaper Zabenchenzhimy ( Zwyciężymy - Victory) began, with a volume of 6-10 pages, which was published every two weeks [6] [3] .
In October 1941, the ZWW issued a declaration calling for the beginning of the struggle against the invaders and the creation of a united anti-fascist front.
Also, ZWW activists committed acts of sabotage and sabotage at industrial enterprises and transport [3] .
In September 1941 [2] a military organization was created under ZWW [7] , which included several small battle groups [8] :
- in the fall of 1941, a partisan combat group, commanded by Ladislav Buchinsky (Kazimierz Dembiak), completed several military operations in Biała Podlask [9] [3] ;
- in November 1941, the Mnih combat group (6 men) was created, which operated in the Mechow district, north of Krakow (at the end of December 1942 it was transformed into the Mlot group of the Guard Lyudova , and in February 1943 - into the partisan detachment named after Bartosh Glovatsky) [10] .
- in November 1941 the battle group, commanded by Jan Fayge , burned down car repair shops on the street. Chernyakovskaya, who were engaged in car repair for the German occupation administration [9] (5 Wehrmacht trucks burned down) [11] ;
- a little later, at ZWW, another battle group was formed, commanded by M. Spykhalsky.
By the end of 1941, the ZWW district committees functioned in several districts of the capital (on the Will , Zholiborz , Brudna, Grokhov, Powisle, Srudmestye, Okhot and Okeche), ZWW organizational committees were created in Gruiecki , Lovitsky , Warsaw, Radomsky , Rzeszowski counties; in addition, by this time ZWW had managed to establish contacts with clandestine anti-fascist organizations in Lodz , Krakow and Plock [4] [2] .
At the beginning of 1942, a sabotage group of ZWW activists destroyed a road bridge on the highway between Minsk Mazowiecki and Semnitsa, on which the Germans transported military cargo [2] .
On January 5, 1942 in occupied Warsaw, the constituent conference of the Polish Workers' Party was held , in which members of communist groups operating in Poland since 1938 (including ZWW) took part. After the conference approved the decision to create the Polish Workers' Party, members of the "Union of the Liberation Struggle" became its members [12] .
Organizational
The overall management of the organization was carried out by the Central Executive Committee ( Egzekutywa Centralna ):
- Jozef Bolcezak,
- Vladislav Buchinsky,
- Zygmunt Yarosh,
- Marian Spykhalsky ,
- Jerzy Albrecht,
- Franciszek Lenczycki,
- Vladislav Bartkevich.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 F.G. Zuev. Polish people in the fight against fascism. M., "Science", 1967. pp. 53-54
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Conversation with Lieutenant General Zygmunt Dushinsky // Poland magazine, No. 4 (92), April 1962. p. 18-22
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Conversation with Division General Zygmunt Dushinsky (underground nickname Zygmunt) // V. Nametkevich, B. Rostropovich. People, facts, thoughts. M., Military Publishing House, 1963. p. 51-70
- ↑ 1 2 Zenon Klishko. Warsaw Uprising. Articles, speeches, memoirs, documents. M., Politizdat, 1969. p. 15
- ↑ History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 1941-1945 (in six volumes). / redkoll., N. A. Fokin, A. M. Belikov et al. Volume 2. M., Military Publishing House, 1961. p. 203
- ↑ Ganka // Heroes of Resistance. / Sat., comp. A. Ya. Manusevich, F.A. Milk. 2nd ed., Rev. and add. M., "Enlightenment", 1977. pp. 97-114
- ↑ Waldemar Tuszyński. Ruch oporu w Polsce 1939-1943. Warszawa, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1985. str. 16
- ↑ Anti-Fascist Resistance in Europe during the Second World War. M., publisher Sotsekgiz, 1962. p. 53
- ↑ 1 2 History of Poland (in 3 volumes) / redkoll., F. G. Zuev, A. Ya. Manusevich, A.I. Khrenov. volume 3. M., publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1958. p. 570
- ↑ M.I.Semiryaga . Soviet people in the European Resistance. M., "Science", 1970. p. 32
- ↑ Janusz Zazzycki ("East"). Initial // Journal of Poland, No. 4 (92), April 1962. p. 39
- ↑ A. M. Samsonov. The collapse of fascist aggression. 2nd ed., Rev. and add. M., "Science", 1982. p. 345