Bölling Warming

The beginning of the Bölling warming is a clearly identifiable date of a sharp rise in temperature, marking the end of the ancient Dryas about 14,670 years ago. Roberts (1998) indicates a date 15,000 years ago. The Bölling layer dates from the excavation of Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland, 1992-1993, dates from about 14,650-14,000 years ago. Data from the oxygen isotope in ice from Greenland indicate a Bölling warming peak between 14,600 and 14,100. ago. Most of the recent dating dates refer to the indicated period of several hundred years.

Of the two periods of warming - Belling and Allerod - the first was warmer and began relatively abruptly. During the Bölling warming due to melting ice, the sea level rose by more than 100 m. As a result of melting, significant parts of northern Europe opened, and temperate forests covered Europe from 29 to 41 degrees north latitude. After the spread of a number of pioneering plants, such as polar willow and eight-leaved dryad , for several centuries trees of hard breeds (for example, oak ) and soft breeds (for example, birch and pine ) reigned and spread to the north.

During this period, the Late Pleistocene fauna from its shelters in Spain, Italy and the Balkans spread far to the north. The existence of these three shelters is indicated by genetic data, indicating three different sources of animal distribution. The main data on the animal kingdom of this period remain bone remains in the camps of hunters.

The main prey of hunters of that time was big game: reindeer , horse , saiga , antelope , bison , woolly mammoth and woolly rhinoceros . In the alpine regions, mountain goats and chamois were prey, and in the forests, red deer .

Among smaller animals, fox , wolf , hare and squirrel were common. Salmon were found in the rivers. For more information about the fauna, see the articles of the ancient Dryas and ancient Dryas .

People again began to populate the forests of Europe in search of large game, which was subjected to maximum extermination during this period. Human cultures at this time belonged to the Late Upper Paleolithic . The hunters of Madeleine culture moved up the Loire further to the Paris Basin . Perigorsk culture prevailed in Dordogne, epigrawett culture dominated in Italy, and Hamburg and Federmesser culture dominated in the north. In the Middle East, pre-farming Natufi culture settled along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, where it consumed wild cereals, such as emmer and barley . Later, during the allergic warming , they began to cultivate these cereals.

• Antarctic Cold Retreat

• Chronology of the netherlands
• The bølling-allerød
• Sensitivity and rapidity of vegetational response to abrupt climate change
• Settlements of the Hamburgian and Federmesser Cultures