The image of the body is a person's perception of the aesthetics and sexual attractiveness of his own body. The concept of “body image” was introduced by the Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst Paul Ferdinand Schilder in his book “ Image and Appearance of the Human Body” (1935). At all times, human society has attached great importance to the beauty of the human body, but a person’s perception of his own body may not meet the standards of society.
The concept of body image is used in many disciplines, including psychology, medicine, psychiatry, philosophy and cultural studies, and in feminist studies. This term is also often used in the media. There is no consensus definition in these disciplines and in the media.
In a 2007 report by the American Psychological Association, it was shown that the culture of all the sexualization of girls (and women) contributes to increasing female anxiety associated with the body [1] . Similar results regarding body image were obtained by the Australian Government Senate Standing Committee in a report on the sexualization of children in the media [2] . However, other researchers expressed concern that these findings are not based on reliable data [3] .
The body image has a wide range of psychological and physical effects. According to Dr. Aric Sigman, a British biologist, some women who see thinner women have an immediate change in the chemical processes of the brain, reducing self-esteem and causing self-hatred [4] .
According to Monteath and McCabe , 44% of women experience negative feelings about both individual parts of their body and their entire body as a whole [5] . According to Psychology Today , 56% of women and about 40% of men who took part in the study in 1997 were dissatisfied with their appearance [6] .
Body layout and body image
It is important to note the difference between the concepts of “ body scheme ” and “body image”, the misuse and mixing of which is often found in the literature. Under the body diagram is understood the unconscious internal representation, the totality of information about the structural organization of the body, about its dynamic characteristics, the current and changing position of its parts. This representation plays an important role in the processes of maintaining and regulating posture, as well as in organizing movements. The image of the body is called the subjective mental representation of his own body.
The French child psychoanalyst Francoise Dolto developed the concept of an unconscious body image [7] .
Notes
- ↑ Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls (PDF). American Psychological Association (2007). Date of treatment April 8, 2012. Archived September 17, 2012.
- ↑ Parliament of Australia
- ↑ Ferguson, C .; Winegard, B., Winegard, BM Who is the fairest one of all: How evolution guides peer and media influences on female body dissatisfaction (Eng.) // Review of General Psychology : journal. - 2011 .-- March ( vol. 15 , no. 1 ). - P. 11-28 . - DOI : 10.1037 / a0022607 . Archived March 1, 2012.
- ↑ Skinny celebs a health hazard , Sydney Morning Herald (October 20, 2010). Date of treatment October 20, 2010.
- ↑ Monteath SA, McCabe MP The influence of societal factors on female body image (English) // J Soc Psychol : journal. - 1997 .-- December ( vol. 137 , no. 6 ). - P. 708-727 . - DOI : 10.1080 / 00224549709595493 . - PMID 9414624 .
- ↑ Psychology Today: Body Image Poll Results (link not available) . Date of treatment April 8, 2012. Archived January 4, 2013.
- ↑ Francoise Dolto, L'image inconscient du corps . Paris: Seuil, 1984. ISBN 2-020-18302-1 .
Literature
- Blakeslee, S. “Out-of-Body Experience? Your Brain is to Blame. ” New York Times, October 3, 2006.
- Debra L. Gimlin, Body Work: Beauty and Self Image in American Culture (University of California Press, 2002) ISBN 0-52-022856-1
- Grogan, Sarah. Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women, and Children.
- Melzack, R. "Phantom Limbs." Scientific American, Secret of the Senses. 2006: 53-59.
- Olivardia, R., Pope, HG, Borowiecki, JJ, Cohane, GH Biceps and body image: The relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms (Eng.) // Psychology of men and masculinity: journal. - 2004. - Vol. 5 , no. 2 . - P. 112-120 . - DOI : 10.1037 / 1524-9220.5.2.112 .
- Ramachandran, VS A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness. New York: Pearson Education, 2004.
- Ramachandran, VS, Rogers-Ramachandran, D. Its All Done with Mirrors (Neopr.) // Scientific American Mind ,. - 2007. - August. - S. 16-18 .
- Ridgeway, RT, Tylka, TL College men's perceptions of ideal body composition and shape // Psychology of men and masculinity: journal. - 2005. - Vol. 6 , no. 3 . - P. 209-220 . - DOI : 10.1037 / 1524-9220.6.3.209 .
- Sacks, Oliver . The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985.
- Sherrington, CS The Integrated Action of the Nervous System. C Scribner's Sons, 1906.
- Smetacek V., Mechsner F. Making sense (English) // Nature. - 2004. - Vol. 432 , no. 7013 . - P. 21 . - DOI : 10.1038 / 432021a . - PMID 15525964 .
- Volkow ND, O'Brien CP Issues for DSM-V: should obesity be included as a brain disorder? (English) // American Journal of Psychiatry : journal. - 2007 .-- May ( vol. 164 , no. 5 ). - P. 708-710 . - DOI : 10.1176 / appi.ajp.164.5.708 . - PMID 17475727 .