Lolan languages (ngvi, lolo, iy, nyi; in China they are known as languages and ) are a group of Lol-Burmese branch of languages , common in the very east of the Tibeto-Burmese range. Native speakers of Loloy are united in China into an ethnic community and . They are close to the Burmese languages , with which they form the Lolo-Burmese branch. All Loloic languages were influenced by the Mon-Khmer languages [1] .
| Loloy | |
|---|---|
| Country | China , Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam |
| Regions | Sichuan , Yunnan |
| Total number of speakers | 10 million (estimate, 2009) |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Sino-Tibetan family
| |
| Writing | and Latin |
Distributed mainly in the south-west of China throughout Yunnan , in the south of Sichuan , in the west of Guizhou , and as a result of relatively recent migrations also in the east of Myanmar , in the north of Thailand , Laos and Vietnam .
Content
Title
Although the traditional name “Loloy languages” (with the option “lolo languages”) and other options are not used in Russian, there are several competing options in English: Lolo, Loloish, Yipo, Yiish, Yipho, Ngwi, etc. This is due in part to the fact that the word “lolo” is considered to be dismissive and humiliating in China and is almost not used there [2] . Therefore, many authors try to come up with other options based on the different names and self-designations of certain Loloi-speaking groups.
Classification
The Loloy language group is divided into 3-4 subgroups, but the boundaries between them are rather vague. As recent studies show, many of these languages turn out to be clusters of several closely related, but mutually incomprehensible languages, so that according to some estimates, the number of Loloic languages can reach 90-100.
- the northern subgroup: nous (part of the people well ), nasu , nose , nisa (in the last three say the groups of people and ) and others;
- central subgroup: sleigh , asi , aj , aj , lahu , fox , lolopo ( lipho or lipo ), laluo , xiazou (zouzho) and others;
- Southern subgroup: Acoid ( Akha , Hani , Strength ), Bisoid (Bishu, Phunoy, Pien ), Bi-Ka ( Biyo , Kado , MPI ), Ugong , Jino , Gokhu and other languages ;
- Southeast Subgroup (Pula): Pula languages. Group proposed by Bradley (2002).
Tujia language is difficult to classify due to the strong influence of languages and Chinese. However, it can be Loloi. The language Bai has numerous connections with Loloic languages, but the core of the language is Old Chinese , and therefore it is more likely to be Sinitical than Loloic.
Writing
From the Middle Ages, verbal-syllable writing (classical writing and ), now preserved in several varieties, is used to record the languages of the nose, nisa, nasu. Since the 1970s official for them is a syllabic letter (modern letter and).
For Nasi , pictographic (hebe) and syllable (dongba) scripts are preserved.
For many languages, Latin-based scripts (Naxi, Lisu, Lahu, Hani, Achan, Tsaiwa) were created. Pollard's syllable is also used for the languages of Lipo and Nasu, and for the Lisu - t. Fraser alphabet .
Notes
- In the 16th edition of the Ethnologue (2009) handbook, these languages were clearly mistakenly divided between three separate groups with synonymous names: Loloish , Lolo , and Ngwi . Hopefully this will be fixed in the 17th edition.
- ↑ Thurgood & LaPolla, 2003, The Sino-Tibetan languages , p. 9
- ↑ Benedict, Paul K. (1987). “ Autonyms: ought or ought not .” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 10: 188.
Literature
- Golovasikov A.N. Hypothesis of the secondary origin of tones in Lolo-Burmese languages // Historical accentology and comparative historical method. M .: Science, 1989. Pp. 255-290
- Burling R. Proto Lolo-Burmese // International Journal of American Linguistics 31/1 part 2, 1967.
- Bradley D. Proto-Loloish. L., 1979.
- Bradley, D. Proto-Loloish Tones // Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No.5, ed. SA Wurm, vol. 5, pp. 1–22. Pacific Linguistics, the Australian National University, 1977.
- Peiros i . Lolo-Burmese linguistic archaeology // The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal. vol. 27, 1997.
- Pelkey JR Puzzling over Phula: Toward the Sub-Branch // Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 28/2, 2005.
- Thurgood G. Subgrouping on the basis of shared phonological innovations: a Lolo-Burmese case study // Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 8, 1982.
- van Driem, George. Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill, 2001.