Cossack settlement is a historical district of the modern Central District of the city of Kursk , located on the right (western) bank of the Kur River north of Shchemilovka Street [1] .
Content
Name Origin
The name of the district comes from the occupation of Slobodans - Cossacks , who settled with other service people at the restored Kursk fortress [2] .
History
The emergence of a suburban Cossack settlement was associated with the restoration of governor Ivan Polev and head Nelyub Ogarev by decree of Tsar Fedor Ioannovich Kursk fortress on the border of the Russian kingdom in 1596 [3] . Among the other serving people , Cossacks, who served on their horse and with their weapons, were transferred to the border town near the “ watchtower ” from Moscow and other cities to Kursk to protect the fortress. Then the indigenous population of the settlement consisted of former state peasants who owned land on communal law. In 1626, in Kursk and in the district served: 864 people of boyars , 299 people of Cossacks, 200 people of archers , 39 people of gunners and others [1] .
Initially, the Cossack settlement was located near the Kursk prison. Until 1782, when Kursk received the urban development plan [3] , approved by Catherine II , the settlement was located west of the Kur River to the present Sovetskaya Street, occupying the space on both sides of the modern Bolshevik Street. In 1762-1767 [3] on the northernmost outskirts of the Cossack settlement, "on the threshing floor", a stone Ascension church was erected with the side chapel of the Archangel Michael [4] , which for a long time served as the only parish church for the residents of the Cossack settlement [5] [6] .
After the approval of the city plan of 1782, the Cossack settlement was transferred to other lands previously used as agricultural land. In a new place, the Cossacks began to engage not only in agriculture, but also in urban crafts. Preserved notes by an eyewitness to the life of the Cossack settlement of that time:
Odnokvodors are on the official salary, they are engaged in tillage. But in the settlement of Cossack there are no perfectly wealthy residents, for they, because I’m near the city, are not diligent in agriculture. Some of them give their land to the residents of neighboring different villages, and they practice it, some of them in needlework, such as combers, tailors, shoemakers, blacksmiths, carpenters, furriers (furriers) and guards, while others have no needlework but they are hired in the city by police officers and employees of merchants, while others are with drinkers, ministers [1] .
A certain part of the population of the settlement continued to engage in cultivation and gardening . There is a legend that during the visit of Empress Catherine II to Kursk in the summer of 1787, a resident of the Cossack settlement presented her with a basket of apples that were perfectly preserved from last year's harvest. After tasting the apple, the empress asked him what the name of this variety is. The peasant admitted that the tree grew from a seed and he does not know what kind of variety it is. In gratitude, the Slobodan received 100 rubles from the Empress. Catherine II ordered every year to deliver to the Winter Palace such apples, which she gave the name "Good Peasant". Later, this variety, belonging to the variety of Kursk Antonovka , was widely bred in Kursk [7] .
According to the one-day census of the population of the city of Kursk and its suburban settlements of 1865, at that time in the Cossack settlement there were 2866 men and 3033 women, the bulk of its population were Russians. There were 860 people engaged in grain farming, there were 135 shoemakers , 40 tailors , 50 fur coats, 66 blacksmiths , 14 joiners , 14 coopers , 14 stove-makers. 62 people were engaged in trade. Women were engaged in the manufacture of yarn, weaving canvas or household. Begging 13 people. Among men there were 343 literate, and among women only 24. Four teenagers studied at the gymnasiums, 15 children studied at schools, and another 69 children took lessons at home or at the clerks [1] .
At the end of the XIX century, the settlement was clearly divided into two parts: near and far. The nearest part was in close contact with the city, which left an imprint on the occupations of its population: men were engaged in shoe or tailoring; women mainly worked in kitchen gardens and melons, and some worked in urban tobacco factories, engaged in repairing groats and flour bags, sorting feathers and fluff for merchants, and washing bottles in a state-owned wine store. Some married women were engaged in the sale of food in urban bazaars or in cooking for the so-called "glutton ranks." Due to the proximity of Sloboda streets to city blocks with an abundance of taverns, drunkenness was widespread in the near part of the Cossack settlement.
In the far part of the Cossack settlement, its inhabitants for the most part were still engaged in cultivation, to a lesser extent - with scrap or carriage. In winter, it was cold in the huts of the outback, the stoves were heated with peat, manure or straw, since firewood was too expensive fuel for many families. In spring, the lowest part of the settlement was flooded with the waters of the Kura River, in summer the streets were densely covered with grass.
In 1887-1888, the Church of the Ascension of the Lord was erected at the expense of parishioners and donors [8] , while the throne was transferred to it from the Ascension Church with the side chapel of the Archangel Michael, after which the latter became known as Mikhailovskaya [4] [9] .
According to the census of 1897, there were already 7682 people in the Cossack settlement. After the October Revolution , 9112 people lived in it. The total number of yards was 1216. 600 people were engaged in farming, and the rest - in crafts [1] .
Cossack settlement administratively belonged to the Kursk district , being the center of the same volost [2] . The villages of Gremyachy Kolodez (Gremyachka), Dolgiy Kolodez (Tatarinovo), Popovka and Pushkarnaya settlement were included in the Cossack volost [10] .
After the October Revolution, the Cossack Village Council was created. May 22, 1921 the settlements included in the Streletsky volost were included in the Cossack volost [10] . On June 14, 1924, the Cossack volost was abolished, and its territory was included in the Yamskaya volost [10] . On July 30, 1928, the Yamskaya volost was abolished, and the Cossack village council was included in the Kursk region, in January 1935, the Kursk region was divided into three districts and the Cossack village council became part of the Streletsky district. By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of September 19, 1939, the Cossack settlement entered the Kursk city [2] and became part of the Dzerzhinsky district, at the same time the Pushkarnaya Sloboda and the Cossack village council were abolished in the city of Kursk.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Stepanov V. B. From Dzerzhinsky Street to the Mikhailovsky Church // Walking around the city. Guides to the historical center of Kursk. - Kursk: IPP Kursk, 2006 .-- S. 239—253. - 368 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-91267-001-5 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lesser Kursk Encyclopedia (FEM). The article "Cossack settlement"
- ↑ 1 2 3 Kursk // Cities of Russia: Encyclopedia. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia , 1994. - S. 229-231. - 559 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85270-026-6 .
- ↑ 1 2 Sklyaruk V.I., Kholodova E.V. Mikhailovsky Church // Kursk: Local Lore Dictionary / Edited by Yu. A. Bugrov . - Kursk: UMEX, 1997 .-- S. 237. - 495 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-89365-005-0 .
- ↑ Ascension Church. Temple in Cossack . Kursk is pre-revolutionary (05/12/2008). Date of treatment January 27, 2012. Archived May 18, 2012.
- ↑ Temple that did not close . The newspaper "City News", No. 11 (3182), 2012 (09/22/2011). Date of treatment April 7, 2012. Archived May 18, 2012.
- ↑ Vladimir Stepanov. The path to benefit . Newspaper “ Kurskaya Pravda ”, No. 790 (24631), 2009 (11.02.2009). Date of treatment May 21, 2012. Archived September 17, 2012.
- ↑ Sklyaruk V.I., Logachev N.F., Ozerov Yu. V. Ascension Church // Old Kursk postcards. A catalog of illustrated postcards from 1899-1930 explaining the views of the city. - 2nd edition, revised and supplemented. - Kursk: Press Fact, 2005. - S. 305. - ISBN 5-86354-106-7 .
- ↑ Sklyaruk V.I., Kholodova E.V. Ascension Church // Kursk: Local Lore Dictionary / Edited by Yu. A. Bugrov . - Kursk: UMEX, 1997 .-- S. 68. - 495 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-89365-005-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Travina A. S. Suburban Sloboda // Kursk: Local Lore Dictionary / Edited by Yu. A. Bugrov . - Kursk: YuMEX, 1997 .-- S. 361-362. - 495 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-89365-005-0 .
Literature
- Stepanov V. B. From Dzerzhinsky Street to the Mikhailovsky Church // Walking around the city. Guides to the historical center of Kursk. - Kursk: IPP Kursk, 2006 .-- S. 239—253. - 368 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-91267-001-5 .
- Travina A. S. Suburban Sloboda // Kursk: Local Lore Dictionary / Edited by Yu. A. Bugrov . - Kursk: YuMEX, 1997 .-- S. 361-362. - 495 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-89365-005-0 .