Clever Geek Handbook
📜 ⬆️ ⬇️

Doglike

Dog-like [1] [2] , or dog-like [3] , or dog-like [4] ( lat. Caniformia ) , is one of two suborders of placental mammals of the predatory order (Carnivora) [5] .

Doglike

Common Jackal ( Canis aureus ); Baribal ( Ursus americanus ); Lesser Panda ( Ailurus fulgens ); Striped Skunk ( Mephitis mephitis ); Common Nosha ( Nasua nasua ); Harza ( Martes flavigula )
Scientific classification
Domain:Eukaryotes
Kingdom:Animals
Kingdom :Eumetazoi
No rank :Bilateral symmetrical
No rank :Secondary
Type of:Chordate
Subtype :Vertebrates
Infratype :Maxillary
Overclass :Tetrapods
Grade:Mammals
Subclass :Animals
Infraclass :Placental
Squadron :Laurasioteria
Squad:Predatory
Suborder :Doglike
International scientific name

Caniformia Kretzoi , 1938

By the end of the 20th century, the division of dog-like into 7 modern families was practically generally accepted: Canidae , Ursidae , Procyonidae , Mustelidae (in Russian: wolf , bear , raccoon , snapper [6] ), which included mainly terrestrial forms, and Otariidae , Odobenidae , Phocidae (in Russian: eared seals , walrus , seal [7] ) [8] . In the course of molecular phylogenetic studies that unfolded at the turn of the 20th — 21st centuries, it was shown that the families of marten, raccoon, and viverroe in their traditional volume are paraphyletic groups; Therefore, from the composition of mustelids (Mustelidae), the skunk family (Mephitidae) was isolated, and from the composition of raccoons (Procyonidae), the pandas (Ailuridae) [9] [10] .

Thus, 9 modern families are distinguished in the suborder of dog-like [1] [5] [11] :

  • Canids (Canidae) - dogs , wolves , foxes , etc.
  • Bears (Ursidae) - bears and big panda
  • Eared Seals (Otariidae) - Fur Seals and Sea Lions
  • Walrus (Odobenidae) - Walrus
  • Real Seals (Phocidae) - Seals
  • Skunk (Mephitidae) - Skunks
  • Pandas (Ailuridae) - Lesser Panda
  • Raccoons (Procyonidae) - raccoons , olingo , kinkaju , etc.
  • Cunyas (Mustelidae) - weasels , ferrets , badgers , otters , etc.

In addition, extinct families include amphibians : amphicionides (Amphicyonidae), enaliarctids (Enaliarctidae) and (Desmatophocidae) [12] .

Content

  • 1 Development of the concept of a taxon
  • 2 Phylogeny
  • 3 Features
  • 4 notes
  • 5 Literature
  • 6 References

Developing Taxon Concepts

The formation of the concept of the taxonomic group of dog-like dates back to the end of the 19th century. As early as 1869, W. Flower subdivided terrestrial predators (aquatic animals were then considered separately in the Pinnipedia order) into the superfamilies Cynoidea, Arctoidea, and Aeluroidea; the first two roughly corresponded to modern dog-like ones. In 1895, H. Winge merged Cynoidea and Arctoidea into the taxon Arctoidei, and renamed Aeluroidea Herpestoidei; this became the prototype of the later binary division of the Crown group of the Carnivora order into dog-shaped and cat-like. The names of these two groups, however, did not differ in stability [13] .

In 1931, J. G. Simpson renamed these two groups, respectively, into Canoidea and Feloidea , which was included in his classification of mammals in 1945. Within its framework, modern terrestrial dog-like were considered as part of the Canoidea superfamily in the suborder Fissipedia (for which Simpson defended the writing of Fissipeda [14] ), which included the families Canidae , Ursidae , Procyonidae , Mustelidae , and aquatic ones in the suborder Pinnipedia ( pinnipeds ) with modern Odobenidae , Phocidae [15] [16] . Pinnipeds, however, were often considered as an independent detachment [7] [17] , but the list of modern families of predators presented by Simpson remained almost universally accepted until the end of the 20th century [8] . In 1976, rejected the division of Carnivora into Fissipedia and Pinnipedia and raised the rank of Canoidea and Feloidea to the rank of suborder, renaming them Caniformia and Feliformia, respectively (in Russian: dog-shaped and cat-like [1] ), and all families of pinnipeds he attributed to Caniformia, abolishing Pinnipedia as a separate taxonomic group [18] [19] . The division of carnivores into Caniformia and Feliformia was supported in 1982 by J. Flynn and G. Galliano , after which it was recognized [20] [21] .

In the course of the latest molecular phylogenetic studies unfolding at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries, the families Mephitidae and Ailuridae were distinguished. The monophilia of the Pinnipedia group was also confirmed, which, however, is now interpreted as a division of dog-like enough low rank [9] [10] .

 
Walrus
 
Sea lion
 
Northern elephant

There is no generally accepted way to group dog-like families into larger taxa — infraorders and superfamilies — not; proposed solutions are debatable in nature [3] .

Phylogeny

 
Amphicionide Ysengrinia (reconstruction)

The cladogram below reflects the phylogenetic relationships between the Caniformia families.

Caniformia

† Amphicyonidae (Haeckel, 1886)




Canidae Gray, 1821




Ursidae Fischer, 1817



Pinnipedia

† Enaliarctidae Mitchell & Tedford, 1973





Otariidae Gray, 1825



Odobenidae Allen, 1880





† Hay, 1930



Phocidae Gray, 1821






Mephitidae Bonaparte, 1845




Ailuridae Gray, 1843




Procyonidae Gray, 1825



Mustelidae Fischer, 1817









The phylogeny of modern families is given in accordance with the results of molecular genetic studies, which showed, in particular, that the majority of dog families belong to two clades [10] [22] . These treasures are shown under the traditional names Musteloidea (sometimes they offer the name Mustelida, meaning Musteloidea the association of the families Procyonidae and Mustelidae [10] ) and Pinnipedia (in Russian: marten-like and pinnipeds [23] ); Note that in earlier works, the order of isolation of the branches of Mephitidae and Ailuridae was the reverse [9] .

The position of extinct families is less definite and is shown on the basis of morphological analysis of fossil remains . In its course, it was found that Amphicyonidae are the basal group of dog-like [24] , Enaliarctidae are the basal group of the pinnipeds, and Desmatophocidae are the sister group for the Phocidae family [25] .

Distinctive features

In dog-shaped, the facial part of the skull can be either elongated (in most families) or shortened (in marten and pandas; in bears, it is of medium length, but noticeably shortened in a spectacle bear ) [26] . The internal carotid artery , in contrast to cat-shaped, is well developed [20] . Large Bakulum [27] . The body is usually folded proportionally (only in male eared seals, the front of the body is disproportionately increased). The limbs of pinnipeds and sea ​​otter are turned into flippers (in the sea otter, such a transformation affected only the hind limbs [28] ). The tail is long (with the exception of bear and pinnipeds). The hairline is well developed almost always (but almost absent in walruses); color is diverse [29] .

An important diagnostic feature that distinguishes dog-like from a sister taxon of cat-like is the structure of the auditory bulla . In dog-shaped, the auditory bulla is always ossified, but its internal cavity is not divided by a partition into two chambers. At the same time, the auditory bull of cat-like either (in the basal groups : among extinct Nimravids and modern Nandinia [30] ) does not ossify, remaining cartilaginous, or - in other families - ossifies and in this case is divided by a bony septum into the anterior and posterior chambers (among only the canines have a bony septum, but it is incomplete) [31] [32] .

The dental formula , which indicates the number of incisors ( I ), canines ( C ), premolars ( P ) and molars ( M ) in half of the upper and lower jaws , as well as the total number of all teeth in dog-like animals, varies greatly [29] . In representatives of canine and bear, the total number of teeth is usually 42, in other families of terrestrial dog-shaped it is less and may decrease to 28 (in Patagonian and African weasels, the family of marten ). These variations almost always apply to premolars and molars; the number of fangs in terrestrial dog-like always remains unchanged, and the number of incisors decreases only in two species: in the sea ​​otter there are two central lower incisors, and in the sponge bear there are two central upper incisors [33] [34] .

The number of teeth in pinnipeds has been greatly reduced: in eared seals it is 34–38, in real seals - 30–36, and in walruses it drops to 18, and the latter have no normal lower incisors (however, additional rudimentary walruses may appear teeth, and then their number can reach 38). The cheek teeth of all pinnipeds are of the same type, the differences between molars and premolars are weakly expressed [35] .

On the other hand, the larger-eared fox normally has 46 teeth (compared to an ordinary fox, there is an additional molar above and below) [36] . Sometimes it is added by an additional molar, and then the number of all teeth increases to 50; this is the maximum value among predatory and other living placental ones (such calculations do not take into account toothed whales and armadillos , whose teeth have lost their heterodontism in much larger quantities) [37] .

The table below presents the dental formulas characteristic of modern dog-like families, together with the most important exceptions [33] [38] .

Dental formulas in dog families
Familiesusuallyexceptions
CanidaeI33ConeonePfourfourM23=42{\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {4}} M {\ tfrac {2} {3}} \, = \, 42}  Speothos :I33ConeonePfourfourMone2=38, {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {4}} M {\ tfrac {1} {2}} \, = \, 38 \ ,,}   Cuon :I33ConeonePfourfourM22=40, {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {4}} M {\ tfrac {2} {2}} \, = \, 40 \ ,,}  
Otocyon :I33ConeonePfourfourM3-fourfour-5=46-fifty {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {4}} M {\ tfrac {3-4} {4-5} } \, = \, 46 \! - \! 50}  
UrsidaeI33ConeonePfourfourM23=42{\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {4}} M {\ tfrac {2} {3}} \, = \, 42}  Helarctos :I33ConeoneP2-32-3M23=34-38 {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {2-3} {2-3}} M {\ tfrac {2} {3} } \, = \, 34-38}   [39], {\ displaystyle,}   Melursus :I23ConeonePfourfourM23=40 {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {2} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {4}} M {\ tfrac {2} {3}} \, = \, 40}   [40], {\ displaystyle,}  
Ailuropoda :I33ConeonePfour3M23=40 {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {3}} M {\ tfrac {2} {3}} \, = \, 40}   [41]
OtariidaeI32ConeonePfourfourMone-3one=34-38{\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {2}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {4}} M {\ tfrac {1-3} {1}} \ , = \, 34 \! - \! 38}  
OdobenidaeIone0ConeoneP33M00=eighteen{\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {1} {0}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {3} {3}} M {\ tfrac {0} {0}} \, = \,eighteen}  
PhocidaeI2-3one-2ConeonePfourfourMone-2one=thirty-36{\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {2-3} {1-2}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {4}} M {\ tfrac {1-2} { 1}} \, = \, 30 \! - \! 36}  
MephitidaeI33ConeoneP33Mone2=34{\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {3} {3}} M {\ tfrac {1} {2}} \, = \, 34}  :I33ConeoneP33M22=36 {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {3} {3}} M {\ tfrac {2} {2}} \, = \, 36}  
AiluridaeI33ConeoneP3fourM22=38{\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {3} {4}} M {\ tfrac {2} {2}} \, = \, 38}  
ProcyonidaeI33ConeonePfourfourM22=40{\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {4}} M {\ tfrac {2} {2}} \, = \, 40}  Potos :I33ConeoneP23Mone2=32 {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {2} {3}} M {\ tfrac {1} {2}} \, = \, 32}  
MustelidaeI33ConeoneP33Mone2=34{\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {3} {3}} M {\ tfrac {1} {2}} \, = \, 34}  Lyncodon :I33ConeoneP22Moneone=28, {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {2} {2}} M {\ tfrac {1} {1}} \, = \, 28 \ ,,}   Poecilogale :I33ConeoneP22Moneone=40, {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {2} {2}} M {\ tfrac {1} {1}} \, = \, 40 \ ,,}  
Enhydra :I32ConeoneP33Mone2=32, {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {2}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {3} {3}} M {\ tfrac {1} {2}} \, = \, 32 \ ,,}   Mellivora :I33ConeoneP33Moneone=32, {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {3} {3}} M {\ tfrac {1} {1}} \, = \, 32 \ ,,}  
Mustela africana :I33ConeoneP32Mone2=32, {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {3} {2}} M {\ tfrac {1} {2}} \, = \, 32 \ ,,}   Lutra :I33ConeonePfour3Mone2=36 {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {3}} M {\ tfrac {1} {2}} \, = \, 36}   [42], {\ displaystyle,}  
, Gulo , Martes , subfamily Melinae :I33ConeonePfourfourMone2=38 {\ displaystyle I {\ tfrac {3} {3}} C {\ tfrac {1} {1}} P {\ tfrac {4} {4}} M {\ tfrac {1} {2}} \, = \, 38}  

Many representatives of dog-like are active predators . At the same time, the suborder also contains omnivorous species ( bears , raccoons , badgers , etc.), ichthyophages ( seals , otters ). Some canids (for example, a large-eared fox ) feed almost exclusively on insects , and the large panda is almost completely herbivorous . Pinnipeds and sea ​​otters extract their food in water (in addition to fish , various invertebrates are included in their diet: mollusks , crustaceans , echinoderms ) [43] [44] .

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 Predatory / Shchipanov N.A. // Conifer - Shervinsky. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2017. - P. 93. - ( Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 34). - ISBN 978-5-85270-372-9 .
  2. ↑ Aristov A.A., Baryshnikov G.F. Mammal fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. Predatory and pinnipeds . - SPb. : Zoological Institute RAS , 2001. - 560 p. - S. 26.
  3. ↑ 1 2 Abramov, Khlyap, 2012 , p. 314.
  4. ↑ Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia. "Mammals" Prince. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / Ed. D. MacDonald . - M .: Omega, 2007 .-- S. 482. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8 .
  5. ↑ 1 2 Eizirik E., Murphy W. G. Carnivores (Carnivora) // The Timetree of Life / Ed. by S. B. Hedges, S. Kumar. - New York: Oxford University Press , 2009 .-- 551 p. - ISBN 0-19-953503-5 . - P. 504-507.
  6. ↑ Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1986 , p. 688.
  7. ↑ 1 2 Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1986 , p. 311-312.
  8. ↑ 1 2 Carroll, vol. 3, 1993 , p. 215-218.
  9. ↑ 1 2 3 Flynn J. J., Finarelli J. A., Zehr S., Hsu J., Nedbal M. A. Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships // Systematic Biology. - 2005. - Vol. 54, no. 2. - P. 317—337. - DOI : 10.1080 / 10635150590923326 . - PMID 16012099 .
  10. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Eizirik E., Murphy W. J., Koepfli K.-P., Johnson W. E., Dragoo J. W., Wayne R. K., OʼBrien S. J. Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences // Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. - 2010 .-- Vol. 56, no. 1. - P. 49-63. - DOI : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2010.01.033 . - PMID 20138220 .
  11. ↑ Pavlinov, 2006 , p. 206-211.
  12. ↑ Carroll, vol. 3, 1993 , p. 46, 49, 217-218.
  13. ↑ Simpson, 1945 , p. 219-220.
  14. ↑ Simpson, 1945 , p. 108.
  15. ↑ Simpson, 1945 , p. 105-123.
  16. ↑ Wozencraft, 2013 , p. 497.
  17. ↑ Cherepanov, Ivanov, 2007 , p. 319.
  18. ↑ Wozencraft, 2013 , p. 508.
  19. ↑ Flynn & Galiano, 1982 , p. 22, 51.
  20. ↑ 1 2 Carroll, vol. 3, 1993 , p. 46.
  21. ↑ Wozencraft, 2013 , p. 500.
  22. ↑ Nyakatura K., Bininda-Emonds O. R. P. Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates // BMC Biology. - 2012. - Vol. 10. - P. 12. - DOI : 10.1186 / 1741-7007-10-12 . - PMID 22369503 .
  23. ↑ Abramov, Khlyap, 2012 , p. 330, 344.
  24. ↑ Tomiya S., Tseng Z. J. Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene ʻMiacis ʼ from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) // Royal Society Open Science. - 2016. - Vol. 3, no. 10. - P. 160518. - DOI : 10.1098 / rsos.160518 . - PMID 27853569 .
  25. ↑ Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. 2nd edition / Ed. by W. F. Perrin, B. Würsig, J. G. M. Thewissen. - New York: Academic Press , 2010 .-- xxxiv + 1320 p. - ISBN 978-0-12-373533-9 . - P. 1320.
  26. ↑ Mammalian diversity, part III, 2004 , p. 601, 626, 656–658.
  27. ↑ Aristov, Baryshnikov, 2001 , p. 26.
  28. ↑ Mammalian diversity, part III, 2004 , p. 695.
  29. ↑ 1 2 Diversity of mammals, part III, 2004 , p. 601.
  30. ↑ Carroll, vol. 3, 1993 , p. 15, 48.
  31. ↑ Carroll, vol. 3, 1993 , p. 44, 46.
  32. ↑ Benton M. J. Vertebrate Paleontology. 3rd ed . - Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, 2005 .-- 455 p. - ISBN 0-632-05637-1 . - P. 349.
  33. ↑ 1 2 Ewer R. F. The Carnivores. 3rd ed . - Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998 .-- xxii + 500 p. - ISBN 0-8014-8493-6 . - P. 69-71.
  34. ↑ Aristov, Baryshnikov, 2001 , p. 15, 153.
  35. ↑ Aristov, Baryshnikov, 2001 , p. 429, 435-436, 456, 460, 464.
  36. ↑ Nanova O. G. Correlation structure of the cheek teeth of the African fox ( Otocyon megalotis , Canidae) // Zoological Journal . - 2010. - T. 89 , No. 6 . - S. 741-748 .
  37. ↑ Mammalian diversity, part III, 2004 , p. 603.
  38. ↑ Aristov, Baryshnikov, 2001 , p. 435-436, 456, 464.
  39. ↑ Sokolov, 1979 , p. 123.
  40. ↑ Sokolov, 1979 , p. 121.
  41. ↑ Sokolov, 1979 , p. 136.
  42. ↑ Sokolov, 1979 , p. 182.
  43. ↑ Aristov, Baryshnikov, 2001 , p. 15, 19, 158, 430.
  44. ↑ Mammalian diversity, part III, 2004 , p. 602-604, 632.

Literature

  • Abramov A.V., Khlyap L.A. Detachment Carnivora // Mammals of Russia: a systematic and geographical reference book / Ed. I. Y. Pavlinov , A. A. Lisovsky. - M .: T-number of scientific publications of KMK, 2012. - 604 p. - (Proceedings of the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, vol. 52). - ISBN 978-87317-844-5. - S. 313-382.
  • Aristov A.A., Baryshnikov G.F. Mammals of Russia and adjacent territories. Predatory and pinnipeds . - SPb. : Zoological Institute RAS , 2001. - 560 p.
  • Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. M.S. Gilyarov . - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia , 1986.- 831 p.
  • Carroll R. Paleontology and the evolution of vertebrates: In 3 vols. T. 3. - M .: Mir , 1993 .-- 312 p. - ISBN 5-03-001819-0 .
  • Pavlinov I. Ya. Systematics of modern mammals. 2nd ed . - M .: Publishing house Mosk. University, 2006 .-- 297 p. - ISSN 0134-8647.
  • Diversity of mammals / O. L. Rossolimo, I. Ya. Pavlinov , S. V. Kruskop, A. A. Lisovsky, N. N. Spasskaya, A. V. Borisenko, A. A. Panyutina. - M .: KMK Publishing House, 2004. - Part III. - 408 p. - (variety of animals). - ISBN 5-87317-098-3 .
  • Sokolov V.E. Systematics of mammals. Part 3. - M .: Higher school , 1979. - 528 p.
  • Cherepanov G.O., Ivanov A.O. Paleozoology of vertebrates. - M .: Publ. Center "Academy", 2007. - 352 p. - ISBN 978-5-7695-3104-0 .
  • Flynn J. J., Galiano H. Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming // American Museum Novitates. - 1982. - No. 2725. - P. 1-64.
  • Simpson G. G. The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals // Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. - 1945. - Vol. 85. - P. 1-350.
  • Wozencraft W. C. The Phylogeny of Recent Carnivora // Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution / Ed. by J. L. Gittleman. - Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media , 2013 .-- xiv + 620 p. - ISBN 978-0-412-34360-5 . - P. 495-535.

Links

  • Suborder Caniformia (neopr.) . // Electronic version of: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Vol. 1 / Ed. by D. E. Wilson, D. M. Reeder (2005) at the website of Bucknell Univesity. Date of appeal May 30, 2018.
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Dogs &oldid = 101145114


More articles:

  • 517 BC e.
  • Nevezhina, Elena Alexandrovna
  • McGeehee Ehren
  • Völkerszam, Yegor Fedorovich von
  • John II Duca
  • Color Passport
  • Simon Tanner
  • Grebnevo (manor)
  • Skomorokh (river)
  • Gitelman, Helen

All articles

Clever Geek | 2019