Count (from 1816) Alex Petrvich Tormasov ( 11 [22] August 1752 - 13 [25] November 1819 , Moscow ) - Russian military commander, general from cavalry (1801). In the Patriotic War of 1812, he commanded the 3rd Western Army on the southern flank. In 1814-1819, the Moscow commander in chief .
Alexander Petrovich Tormasov | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portrait of Alexander Petrovich Tormasov workshop [1] George Doe . Military Gallery of the Winter Palace , State Hermitage Museum ( St. Petersburg ) | ||||||||||||
Date of Birth | August 11 (22) 1752 | |||||||||||
Place of Birth | ||||||||||||
Date of death | November 13 (25) 1819 (67 years old) | |||||||||||
Place of death | Moscow | |||||||||||
Affiliation | Russian empire | |||||||||||
Rank | cavalry general | |||||||||||
Battles / Wars | Raclawitz , Kobrin , Gorodechno , Tarutino , Maloyaroslavets , Vyazma , Red | |||||||||||
Awards and prizes |
Biography
Early biography
From a poor noble family Tormasov . Father - Fleet Lieutenant Peter I. Tormasov (died in 1789).
At the age of 10 he was determined by the page to the Highest Court, and in 1772 he entered military service as a lieutenant in the Vyatka Musketeers Regiment . In 1784 he began to command the Alexandria Light Regiment , receiving the rank of colonel .
Seen by Potemkin , he was sent to Crimea in 1782 to pacify the revolt of the Crimean Tatars .
In 1785, he was secretary of the Minerva military masonic lodge , working in Kremenchug and Nemirov. At the beginning of the XIX century. was a member of the Moscow Masonic Lodge "Alexander to the triple blessing."
At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791 he was in the Yekaterinoslav army . In 1791, commanding a horse brigade , he made a successful march beyond the Danube to Babadag , and on June 28 of the same year he took an active part in the Machinsky battle , commanding the cavalry of the left flank. Received the rank of Major General . Awarded on March 18, 1792 with the Order of St. George 3rd class. (№ 95 according to the list)
In deference to the zealous service, the brave and courageous feats rendered to them in the Battle of Machin and defeated by the Russian troops under the command of General Prince Nikolai Vasilievich Repnin of the numerous Turkish army as High Vizier Yusuf Pasha, led by. |
During the suppression of the uprising, Kosciuszko with several light-shelled regiments defeated the Polish insurgents at the town of Mobar, and on September 28, 1794, in the battle of Matseevits , commanded the left flank of the main forces. During the storming of Prague (a suburb of Warsaw) led one of the columns. In 1798 he received the rank of lieutenant general , in the same year he was appointed chief ( honorary commander ) of the Cuirassier Military Order of the regiment , inspector of the cavalry of the Livonia division , and in 1801 - general of cavalry .
Under Paul I , in 1799, he was expelled from service, but in 1800 he was again appointed commander of the Life Guards of the Horse regiment . In 1803 he was appointed Kiev Governor-General , in 1807 - Riga , in 1808 - Commander-in-Chief in Georgia and on the Caucasian line . Arriving at his post in February 1809, Tormasov found things in a difficult situation: Turkey and Persia were preparing for an invasion, Imeretiya and Abkhazia rebelled, Dagestan was close to an uprising, and the commander-in-chief had no more than 42 thousand people at his disposal. Tormasov showed tireless energy, the ability to direct the actions of his troops and the ability to choose performers. Due to this, success gradually leaned toward Russia. Taking the fortress of Poti and thus eliminating the influence of the Turks on Abkhazia and Imeretia , Tormasov restored calm to them. In Dagestan, attempts to revolt were suppressed.
The closest associates of Tormasov - Kotlyarevsky , Lisanevich and Simanovich - inflicted several decisive defeats on the Turks and Persians and thus ensured the tranquility of the southern border of Russia.
Patriotic War of 1812
During the Patriotic War of 1812, Tormasov commanded the 3rd Observation Army (54 battalions , 76 squadrons , 9 Cossack regiments, only 43 thousand), intended to contain Austria .
Against Tormasov, Schwarzenberg was sent first, then Rainier with the 7th Corps , consisting of the Saxons and the French 32nd division of General Durutte . On July 1, Tormasov, leaving the body of Osten-Sacken to guard Volyn and to communicate with the Danube army , and Major General Khrushchov (the dragoon brigade and 2 Cossack regiments) in Vladimir-Volynsky , to secure the borders from Galicia and the Warsaw Duchy , himself, the main forces moved against the flank and rear of the French troops advancing from Brest to Pinsk against Bagration . Rainier's hull was scattered over a large space ( Slonim - Pruzhany - Brest - Kobrin - Janovo - Pinsk). On July 24, part of the Tormasov army captured Brest. On July 27, in the battle near Kobryn , the Saxon brigade of the 22nd Infantry Division was laid down and laid down arms. General Klengel himself, 76 officers, 2382 lower ranks were captured, 4 banners and 8 guns were captured. After Tormasov took Pruzhany. This victory had an important psychological significance as the first success during the retreat of the Russian armies. For her, Tormasov received on July 28, 1812, as a reward, the Order of St. George, 2nd class (No. 43 in the list)
For the defeat of the French at Kobrin July 15, 1812. |
Rainier, having gathered his troops and united with Schwarzenberg, attacked Tormasov from Gorodechno . On August 1, Russian troops retreated first to Kobrin, and then to Lutsk , to join the Danube army, marching to Russia after the conclusion of the Bucharest peace with the Ottoman Porto .
In September, the army united and forced Schwarzenberg to hastily retreat to Brest. Soon, the command of the united armies passed to Admiral Chichagov , and Tormasov was recalled to the main headquarters, where he was entrusted with the internal control of the troops and their organization. Tormasov participated in the battles of Maloyaroslavets , Vyazma , Red and with the main army crossed the border of the empire in December 1812. During the Patriotic War of 1812, General A. P. Tormasov became the only holder of the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called for distinguishing himself in the battle of Red. When Kutuzov , for his illness, remained in Bunzlau , Tormasov temporarily assumed command of the army.
Soon the frustrated health made him ask for dismissal; He was appointed a member of the State Council , and in 1814, after the removal of Count F.V. Rostopchin, as commander-in-chief in Moscow .
By personal decree of August 30 ( September 11 ), 1816 , cavalry general Alexander Petrovich Tormasov, with his descendants descending, was elevated to the Russian Empire’s dignity.
He died in November 1819 from a stroke (report of the Moscow Governor E. A. Durasov about the death of the Governor-General A. P. Tormasov. 1819). K. Ya. Bulgakov wrote to his brother from Moscow that “the whole city was in grief, Count Tormasov was sick for several days and died on the 13th, to the general regret. May God grant him eternal memory! [2] »He was buried in the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.
In service:
- February 13 ( 24 ), 1762 - determined by the Page of the Supreme Court;
- March 2 ( 13 ), 1772 - promoted to lieutenant in the Vyatka musketeer regiment;
- May 9 ( 20 ), 1772 - appointed adjutant of the captain's rank under General Count Bruce;
- April 28 ( May 9 ), 1774 - adjutant to the Prime-Major's rank with him;
- June 28 ( July 9 ), 1777 - Lieutenant Colonel in the Finnish Jaeger Battalion;
- July 17 ( 28 ), 1783 - transferred to the command of the Dalmatian hussars;
- September 2 ( 13 ), 1784 - by a colonel in the same regiment, which was renamed the Alexandria Easy;
- March 25 ( April 5 ), 1789 - the foreman;
- March 25 ( April 5 ), 1791 - Major General;
- 1797 - appointed chief of the Order of the Cuirassier Regiment;
- March 6 ( 17 ), 1798 - promoted to lieutenant general;
- June 29 ( July 10 ), 1799 - to the cavalry generals;
- July 11 ( 22 ), 1799 - for audacious recall and disobedience to the one to whom he was subordinate, was expelled from the service;
- November 16 ( 28 ), 1800 - accepted again in the service and appointed to consist of the army;
- December 6 ( 18 ), 1800 - appointed Chief of the Life-Cuirassier of His Imperial Majesty's regiment;
- December 8 ( 20 ), 1800 - appointed as commander of the lgv. Horse regiment;
- July 11 ( 23 ), 1801 - appointed inspector for cavalry of the Dniester Inspectorate;
- February 8 ( 20 ), 1802 - during the absence of a general from cavalry, Prince Alexander of Württemberg was commanded to be his inspector for cavalry of the Livonia Inspectorate;
- October 20 ( November 1 ), 1802 - dismissed on leave for a year until the cure of the disease;
- January 26 ( February 7 ), 1803 - appointed by the Kiev military governor;
- March 16 ( 28 ), 1807 - appointed to the post of the Riga Military Governor;
- December 11 ( 23 ), 1807 - according to the application, he was dismissed from service, with the uniform and a full salary;
- June 9 ( 21 ), 1808 - admitted to the army service;
- September 3 ( 15 ), 1808 - appointed Commander-in-Chief to Georgia;
- March 25 ( April 6 ), 1812 - appointed commander of the 3rd Reserve Observational Army;
- May 5 ( 17 ), 1812 - appointed Commander-in-Chief of the 3rd Observation Army with all the rights, authority and superiority of the commanders-in-chief of active armies;
- August 30 ( September 11 ), 1814 - appointed by the Moscow military governor;
- August 31 ( September 12 ), 1814 - appointed commander in chief in Moscow;
- August 30 ( September 11 ), 1816 - by the Moscow military governor-general.
In the campaigns was:
- in 1782 - when conquering the Crimean peninsula;
- from 1787 , throughout the entire Turkish war until its end in 1792, he was without a doubt in the army and was in business: during the siege of Ochakov, at the battle of Kaushansky, at the capture of the city of Akkerman and Bender, at the defeat of the enemy beyond the Danube, near Babadag, and during the reconnaissance of the Macha enemy camp and in the Macha battle;
- March 18 ( 29 ), 1792 - for distinction in the Battle of Machina, where he commanded the cavalry of the left flank, was awarded the Order of St. George of the 3rd grade;
- in 1792 - commanding a separate corps in Poland, when crossing the r. Bug, near M. Doroust, received the Order of the Polish White Eagle and St. Stanislav;
- in 1793 - was in battle at the metro station Lyubar;
- in 1794 - he was in the battle of the village of Roslawitz, during the blockade of the city of Warsaw, connected with Prussian troops, while crossing the r. Wisla, in a battle near Metro Mazicevits, where he received the Order of St. Vladimir for the 2nd degree for distinction, and during the storming of the Prague Fortifications, for which he was awarded a gold sword “for bravery” adorned with diamonds; in the same year he was in the conquest of the city of Warsaw and in the pursuit and disarmament of the remaining Polish troops;
- in 1806 - awarded for the diligent service by the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky;
- in 1808 - commanding the troops, located in Georgia and on the Caucasian line, was under siege and assault on the city of Erivan;
- in 1809 - with the defeat of the Persian troops, near Elizavetpol;
- in 1810 - for the conquest of the Kingdom of Imereti, under which the wielding King Solomon was captured, awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 1 tbsp .; in the same year he was on an expedition to the city of Akhaltsykh and during the defeat of the united Persian and Turkish troops at the Tsalka tract;
- in 1811 - for the successful command in the course of 3 campaigns in Georgia and on the Caucasian line was awarded the diamond marks of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky;
- in 1812 - being the commander-in-chief of the 3rd Reserve Army, he commanded at breaking the Saxon corps near the city of Kobrin, for which he was awarded, on July 28 ( August 9 ), 1812 , the Order of St. George of 2 cells. and 50,000 rubles of money; also commanded in the battle at the m. Gorodechna against the combined Austrian, Saxon and Polish troops; in the same year, under the command of field marshal Prince Kutuzov-Smolensky, commanded the main army in the battle of the town of Red, for which he was granted the Order of St. Andrew the First Called;
- August 30 ( September 11 ), 1816 - was elevated to the dignity of the Russian Empire, with its descendants descending from it.
By the highest order on November 21 ( December 3 ), 1819 , he was excluded from the lists of the deceased (died November 13 ( 25 ), 1819 ).
Awards
- Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First Called (12/04/1812)
- Order of St. George 2nd class. (07.28.1812)
- Order of St. George 3rd class. (18.03.1792)
- Order of St. Vladimir , 1st century (05.11.1810)
- Order of St. Vladimir 2nd century (09.11.1794)
- Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (11/18/1806)
- Diamond signs to the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (11/23/1811)
- Order of St. Anne 1st st.
- Golden sword "For courage" with diamonds (07/09/174) [3] .
- Order of the White Eagle ( Rzeczpospolita , 09/25/173)
- Order of St. Stanislav (Rzecz Pospolita, 11/13/173)
- Order of the Black Eagle ( Prussia , 1818)
Notes
- ↑ State Hermitage. Western European painting. Catalog / ed. V. F. Levinson-Lessing; ed. A. E. Krol , K. M. Semenova. - 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. - L .: Art, 1981. - T. 2. - p. 260, cat. No. 7816. - 360 p.
- ↑ K. Bulgakov's letters to his brother // Russian Archive. 1902. Iss. 11-12. - p. 339.
- ↑ E. E. Ismailov. Golden weapon with the inscription "For courage." Lists of cavaliers 1788-1913. - Moscow, 2007, p. 70
Literature
- Dictionary of Russian generals, participants in hostilities against the army of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1812-1815. // Russian archive. History of the Fatherland in the certificates and documents of the XVIII — XX centuries. : Collection. - M .: studio " TRITE " N. Mikhalkov , 1996. - T. VII . - pp . 576-577 . - ISSN 0869-20011 . (Comm. A. A. Podmaso )
- Tormasov, Alexander Petrovich - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- Tormasov, Alexander Petrovich // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 add.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Tormasov Alexander Petrovich // Chrono. RU.
- Report on the death of A.P. Tormasov .
- Serkov A. I. Russian Freemasonry. 1731-2000 Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: Russian Political Encyclopedia, 2001.