The urban climate is the local climate of a large city created by itself.
Content
The difference between the climate of the city and the surrounding area
- Increased air temperature (according to EPA , by 1-6 ° C; in large agglomerations in the east of the United States, the growing season is 15 days longer than in similar rural areas).
- The attenuation of solar radiation (in the United States by 10-15%).
- Shorter daylight hours (in large cities for 15-20 minutes).
- Increase of cloudiness and precipitation in summer, fog in winter. For example, in US cities , precipitation is 10–15% more than in rural areas; fogs by 30–100%. With serious gas pollution occur smog .
- Sometimes there is a city breeze - the flow of air from the outskirts to the city center.
- Relative humidity reduced by 6%.
Climate change in large cities is local and should not be confused with global warming .
Reasons to
- Buildings and roads are heated by the sun more than the natural surface.
- Air heating through industry , heating and transport .
- The air is polluted by smoke, which serves as condensation centers.
Countermeasure Methods
The listed climate changes are inherent in the city as such. However, they can be reduced to some extent. The main countermeasures are:
- Planning streets and neighborhoods with the direction of the winds.
- Creating green areas .
- Creating an effective transport system ( public transport , road, etc.).
- Effective thermal insulation of walls, roofs and windows.
- Reducing air pollution from transport, industry and public utilities . The development of energy-saving technologies .
Literature
- Sheleikhovsky G.V., Smoke cities, M. - L., 1949
- Kratzer P. А., Climate of the city, per. with him., M., 1958.
See also
- Mountain climate