Heterium ( Greek Ἑταιριαι - union, partnership) - in the ancient Greek democracies, unions were notable for protecting themselves from the claims of the people . Their initial goal was mutual support in the harassment of posts , in the processes, etc. Subsequently, their organization became very strong and, due to secret communications and constant relations with the heteroies of other Greek states, they often managed to transform the form of government (for example, 30 dominion in Athens ). This, in turn, caused democratic heteria, and the clashes of both contributed to the breakdown of the Greek communities.
In modern times, the name heteria was carried by many different societies, but two heterterias are especially known in the history of the New Greeks.
First heteria
The first hetero, political, played a large role in the struggle of the Greeks for liberation from the Turkish yoke . Back in 1795 , Constantine Rigas arranged a secret alliance of the Greeks to overthrow the Turkish yoke, which was stopped in its development by the death of Rigas. His enthusiasm and love of freedom among the Greeks led to the formation of a new heteria (Hetaireia Philikè), in 1814 only Greeks were accepted into it, and members pledged not to belong to other secret societies. At its head was a special board (arche), which was in charge of the so-called national box office. There were three degrees in getteria: chiefs (Blamides), commissioners (Systemeni) and priests (hiereis). Having spread all over Greece and European Turkey , the heteria chose Odessa as the center of its activity, due to its frequent relations with Turkish and Greek ports, and there it began to prepare for an uprising. The conceived enterprise was entrusted to the Russian general, Prince Alexander Ipsilanti . To his appeal to the Greeks, in Iasi ( 1821 ), members of the geteria hastened from all countries, from which a well-known geteria regiment (or sacred squad) was composed. With this squad (400-500 men), Ipsilanti invaded Moldova , but was completely defeated by the Turks at Dragashan ( June 19, 1821 ). Only 20 people were saved, with captain Iordaki . A few days later he was defeated, on the Prut , and another regiment of heterists, under the command of Prince Kantakuzen , was supposed to take refuge within Russia . The remnants of the heterists, under the command of Iordaki and Farnak, still continued to fight in the forests and mountains of Moldova, but finally they all died when the wounded Iordaki, in order not to fall into the hands of the Turks, lit the Secchu monastery and burned under its ruins .
Friends of Science Fellowship
The goal of the 2nd heteria, called the partnership of friends of sciences (phylomus) and founded in Athens in 1812 , was to disseminate education in New Hellas , open schools , educate young Greeks in European schools and universities . She published newspapers , opened libraries , took care of the excavation and preservation of antiquities. Many dignitaries , scholars, and private individuals of all nations joined the heterosexual, and soon the number of its members reached 80,000. Of its leaders, Count John of Kapodistrias and Archbishop Ignatius are especially famous. The symbol of society was a ring with an image of an owl ( attribute of Athena ) and the centaur Chiron , holding on his shoulders his Achilles . With the formation of the Greek kingdom, this heteria lost its significance and fell apart.
Literature
- Th. Kind, “Beiträge zur bessern Kenntniss des neuen Griechenlands” ( Neustadt , 1831 );
- Mendelsohn Bartholdy, Die H. (in Sybels Historische Zeitschrift, 1886 ).
- Heterium // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.