The systematic name of the element is a temporary name and chemical designation that are assigned to newly synthesized or as yet not synthesized chemical elements . In chemistry, transuranic elements receive a constant name and designation only after their synthesis is reliably confirmed. In some cases, the award of a permanent name is delayed for a considerable period of time and even becomes the subject of heated political debate. In order to designate such elements without ambiguity, the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) uses a set of rules by which such elements are given a temporary systematic name and designation.
Content
History
The first system of temporary names for elements was introduced by D.I. Mendeleev for the name of the elements predicted by him . This nomenclature was based on the periodicity of the chemical properties of the elements established by Mendeleev and consisted of the name of a lighter analogue of the described element with the prefix: “ eka- ” for an element of the next period, “ dvi- ” for an element two periods further, “ three- ” - for an element three periods further, etc.
Later, after establishing the connection of the element serial number with the atomic nucleus charge, they began to use the element serial number to designate undiscovered and newly discovered elements.
The modern system of temporary names using Latin numerals was introduced by IUPAC in 1978 [1] . Since 1990, this system has been included in the IUPAC rules for the nomenclature of inorganic compounds [2] .
IUPAC Rules
| Numeral | International root | Russian root | Symbol |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | nil | nile | n |
| one | un | un | u |
| 2 | bi | bi | b |
| 3 | tri | three | t |
| four | quad | quad | q |
| five | pent | pent | p |
| 6 | hex | hex | h |
| 7 | sept | sept | s |
| eight | oct | oct | o |
| 9 | enn | enn | e |
Temporary names are unambiguously derived from the charge number of an element. Each digit of the number is translated into a “numerical root" in accordance with the table presented on the right. After that, the roots simply add up, and the standard Latin suffix -ium (Russian -th ) is added to the result. Part of the used “numerical roots" is of Latin origin, part is Greek; the roots are selected so that their first letters are not repeated.
There are two rules by which numerical roots are modified to avoid the formation of unpronounceable names:
- If the roots of bi or tri are at the end (that is, the -ium ending should follow right after them), then the result of addition will be -bium and -trium, respectively (not -biium and not -triium ).
- If the root nil follows the root nnn (that is, in the presence of the digital sequence −90−), then the result of the addition will be -ennil- , and not -ennnil- .
The systematic designation of the element is formed from the first three letters of each digital root, with the first letter being capitalized.
As of the beginning of 2017, all elements with atomic numbers up to 118 have already received permanent names and designations, therefore systematic names and designations are used only for elements with atomic numbers starting from the 119th ( ununified ).
- Examples:
Element 122: un + bi + bi + um = unbibium (unbibium, ubb) Element 167: un + hex + sept + ium = ungexseptium (unhexseptium, Uhs) Element 190: un + en + nil + ium = unennilium (unennilium, uen)
- Note: All elements presented in the examples are only hypothetical elements. As of the beginning of 2017, the open element with the largest atomic number is Oganeson (atomic number - 118).
Notes
- ↑ J. Chatt. Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100 // Pure Appl. Chem .. - 1979. - Vol. 51 , no. 2 . - P. 381–384 .
- ↑ Section I-3.3.5 // IUPAC. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry / GJ Leigh (Ed.). - Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. - ISBN 0-632-02494-1 . - DOI : 10.1002 / ange.19911030637 .
Links
- IUPAC Recommendations - Elements and Groups of Elements (2004) (English) (Retrieved March 9, 2012) .
- IUPAC recommendations - name of new elements (2002) (English) (Retrieved March 9, 2012) .