Buttercups

	Buttercups
	; Marsh marigold
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryotes
Kingdom:	Plants
Kingdom :	Green plants
Department:	Flowering
Grade:	Dicotyledonous
Order :	Ranunculanae Takht. ex Reveal , 1993
Order:	Buttercups
Family:	Buttercups
International scientific name
	Ranunculaceae juss. , 1789
Type genus
	Ranunculus L. , 1753 - Buttercup
Subsidiary taxa
	Subfamilies:; Coptidoideae Tamura , 1968; Glaucidioideae (Tamura) Loconte , 1995; Hydrastidoideae Raf. , 1815; Isopyroideae Schrödinger , 1909; Ranunculoideae Arn. , 1832 - Buttercups;

Ranunculaceae ( lat. Ranunculáceae ) - a family of dicotyledonous free-flowering plants. Representatives of the family - annual , biennial and perennial herbs ; sometimes (for example, some species of the genus Lomonosov ) - shrubs and climbing shrubs . According to the classification system APG II ( 2003 ), this family is included in the order of the Ranunculales groups of eudicots .

Biological Description

In some species, the leaves are only basal, in others it is also stem, in the majority they are alternate (only opposite for clematis ) - without stipules , whole or palmate or cirrus dissected; petiole base for the most part expanded in the form of a vagina .

The flowers of some buttercups are correct, others are irregular; most are bisexual and few are gay. Flowers develop either singly at the top of the stem or in the leaf sinuses , or in the hands or panicles . A typical flower is arranged as follows: five sepals , five petals , many stamens and pistils ; but from this type numerous deviations are observed; so, there are three or a lot of sepals; sometimes they are petal -shaped , and then the corolla does not develop at all or remains embryo; sometimes the petals turn into tubular nectaries ; the number of pistils sometimes decreases to one. Pestles are located on a convex receptacle in a spiral or in a spiral-cyclical manner.

Flower Formula : From $\ast P_{\infty }\;A_{\infty }\;G_{\infty }$ ${\ displaystyle \ ast P _ {\ infty} \; A _ {\ infty} \; G _ {\ infty}}$ $\ast P_{\infty }\;A_{\infty }\;G_{\infty }$ before $\ast K_{5}\;C_{{5}-{\infty }}\;A_{\infty }\;G_{\underline {\infty }}$ ${\ displaystyle \ ast K_ {5} \; C _ {{5} - {\ infty}} \; A _ {\ infty} \; G _ {\ underline {\ infty}}}$ $\ast K_{5}\;C_{{5}-{\infty }}\;A_{\infty }\;G_{\underline {\infty }}$ (there is $\uparrow$ ${\ displaystyle \ uparrow}$ $\uparrow$ ) ^[2] .

The fruit is most often multi-leafed, multi-root, rarely juicy single-leafed. Seeds contain large protein and small germ .

Distribution

Ranunculaceae - a large family containing from 1200 to 1500 ^[3] , according to other sources over 2000 ^[4] species .

They are found mainly in extratropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere, up to and including the Arctic region. A fairly significant number of representatives are found in the tropical zone, but mainly in the highlands, as well as in extratropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere. In the Arctic, the family is represented by 13 genera. By the number of species, it occupies a prominent position in its flora.

The bulk of the species of the family are plants associated with the conditions of sufficient and partially excess moisture or excess moisture at the beginning of the growing season. There are aquatic plants among them. A prerequisite for the existence of buttercups in the Arctic is adequate protection of the snow cover in winter.

Chemical Composition

A variety of active substances have been found in plants of this family. One group of plants contains a volatile, irritating skin (in a fresh plant) substance - protoanemonin (anemonol); the second group contains alkaloids ; in the third, cardenolides . Some genera do not belong to these groups. In addition, apparently, in all groups, the aerial parts contain flavonoids ( quercetin , kempferol , etc.). Rarely and in small quantities are essential oils , resins , saponins , tannins . The seeds contain fatty oils .

Childbirth

According to GRIN , the Ranunculaceae family includes the genera ^[5] :

Aconitum - Aconite , or Wrestler , or Lumbago-grass , or Covered
Actaea - Voronets , or Klopogon
Adonis - Adonis
Anemone - Anemone , or Anemone , or Lumbago , or Liverwort
Anemonopsis
Aphanostemma
Aquilegia - The catchment , or Aquilegia , or Orlik
Archiclematis
Arcteranthis
Asteropyrum
Barneoudia
Beesia
Calathodes
Callianthemoides
Callianthemum - Calliantemum
Caltha - Kaluzhnitsa
Ceratocephala - Cloverhead
Clematis - Clematis , or Clematis , or Prince , or Wild Hop
Consolida - Sokirki , or Consolida
Coptis - Koptis
Delphinium - Larkspur , or Delphinium , or Spur
Dichocarpum
Enemion - Enemion
Eranthis - Springtime
Garidella
Glaucidium Siebold & Zucc. - Glaucidium , a monotypic genus of perennial plants with a single species, Glaucidium palmate ( Glaucidium palmatum Siebold & Zucc. ) The name of this genus of plants exactly matches the name of the genus of birds Sparrow Owls ( Glaucidium Boie ).
Hamadryas
Helleborus - Hellebore
Hydrastis L. - Yellow Root
Isopyrum - Isosceles
Knowltonia
Komaroffia
Krapfia
Kumlienia
Laccopetalum
Leptopyrum - Leptopyrum
Megaleranthis
Methanomone
Myosurus - Mice
Naravelia
Nigella - Nigella
Oreithales
Paraquilegia - False Water Harvest
Paroxygraphis
Peltocalathos
Ranunculus - Buttercup
Semiaquilegia - Drainage
Thalictrum - Cornflower
Trautvetteria
Trollius - Swimsuit
Urophysa
Xanthorhiza

Notes

↑ For the conventionality of indicating the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Dicotyledonous article .
↑ Mirkin B. M., Naumova L. G., Muldashev A. A. Higher plants: a short systematics course with the basics of the science of vegetation: Textbook. - 2nd, perabot. - M .: Logos, 2002 .-- 256 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-94010-041-4 .
↑ Krechetovich V.I. Family LVIII. Ranunculaceae - Ranunculaceae // Flora of the USSR : in 30 t / h. ed. V.L. Komarov . - M .; L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1937. - T. 7 / ed. volumes B.K. Shishkin . - S. 20. - 792, XXVI p. - 5200 copies. (Retrieved March 3, 2010)
↑ Arctic flora of the USSR. Vol. VI / Comp. T.V. Egorova, V.V. Petrovsky, A.I. Tolmachev, V.A. Yurtsev; Ed. A.I. Tolmachev. - L .: Nauka, 1971. - S. 123-124. (Retrieved March 3, 2010)
↑ See the GRIN link in the plant card.

Literature

Buttercups // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
Agapova N.D. Family of buttercups (Ranunculaceae) // Plant Life. In 6 vols. T. 5. Part 1. Flowering plants / Ed. A. L. Takhtadzhyana . - M .: Education, 1980. - S. 210-216.
Krechetovich V.I. Family LVIII. Ranunculaceae - Ranunculaceae // Flora of the USSR : in 30 t / h. ed. V.L. Komarov . - M .; L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1937. - T. 7 / ed. volumes B.K. Shishkin . - S. 20. - 792, XXVI p. - 5200 copies.
Arctic flora of the USSR. Vol. VI / Comp. T.V. Egorova, V.V. Petrovsky, A.I. Tolmachev, V.A. Yurtsev; Ed. A.I. Tolmachev. - L .: Nauka, 1971. - S. 123-124.
Nikiforov Yu. V. Altai herbs-healers. - Gorno-Altaisk: Yuch-Sumer - Belukha, 1992.

Links

Buttercups (English) : information on the GRIN website.

[1] For the conventionality of indicating the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Dicotyledonous article .

[Mirkin-2] Mirkin B. M., Naumova L. G., Muldashev A. A. Higher plants: a short systematics course with the basics of the science of vegetation: Textbook. - 2nd, perabot. - M .: Logos, 2002 .-- 256 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-94010-041-4 .

[3] Krechetovich V.I. Family LVIII. Ranunculaceae - Ranunculaceae // Flora of the USSR : in 30 t / h. ed. V.L. Komarov . - M .; L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1937. - T. 7 / ed. volumes B.K. Shishkin . - S. 20. - 792, XXVI p. - 5200 copies. (Retrieved March 3, 2010)

[4] Arctic flora of the USSR. Vol. VI / Comp. T.V. Egorova, V.V. Petrovsky, A.I. Tolmachev, V.A. Yurtsev; Ed. A.I. Tolmachev. - L .: Nauka, 1971. - S. 123-124. (Retrieved March 3, 2010)

[5] See the GRIN link in the plant card.