Raven eye

	Raven eye
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryotes
Kingdom:	Plants
Kingdom :	Green plants
Department:	Flowering
Grade:	Monocotyledonous
Order :	Lilianae
Order:	Lily
Family:	Melantium
Gender:	Raven eye
International scientific name
	Paris L.
Kinds
	See text

The black eye ( lat. Páris ) is a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the family Melanthiaceae ( Melanthiaceae ).

Species The four-leafed raven eye in nature, as a rule, is represented by polyploid forms with three, four or five sets of chromosomes . Due to the formation of unbalanced gametes during meiosis , sexual reproduction is relatively small. This species is an important model object of population genetics .

The raven eye for a long time kept the world record for the size of the genome among plants - 132.50 pg ^[2] .

Content

Botanical Description

The four-leafed raven eye is a typical species of the genus. Botanical illustration from the book of K. A. M. Lindman Bilder ur Nordens Flora , 1917-1926

Perennial up to 40 cm high with creeping rhizome .

The leaf arrangement is whorled. Unlike most monocotyledons, the venation of the leaf of the raven eye is reticular.

The green flower consists of four sepals , four petals (sometimes they are 4-6 together), eight stamens and a 4-5-nested ovary , which turns into a black berry . It blooms in June - July.

Flower formula : $\ast K_{4}\;C_{4}\;A_{4+4}\;G_{({\underline {4}})}$ ${\ displaystyle \ ast K_ {4} \; C_ {4} \; A_ {4 + 4} \; G _ {({\ underline {4}})}}$ ^[3] .

There are specimens with five leaves and five numbers of flower parts.

Names

Other Russian names are black berries , wolfberries , cross-grass .

Distribution and habitat

The four-leafed raven eye ( Paris quadrifolia ) L. grows in shady forests throughout Central Europe and temperate Asian forests to Kamchatka . In the Caucasus , the raven eye grows incomplete ( Paris incompleta ), in the Himalayas - the raven eye is multi-leaved ( Paris polyphylla ) with eight to ten leaves under a flower and 4-5-pronged flowers.

Rhizome of the raven's eye of the four-leafed. From the book of J. Warming Om Skudbygning, Overvintring og Foryngelse , 1884

Economic Significance and Application

The four-leafed raven eye is an important model object of population genetics . The plant is very poisonous , but dried berries and leaves are used in folk medicine .

Botanical classification

Views

According to The Plant List for 2013 ^[4] , the genus includes 27 species :

Paris axialis H.Li
Paris bashanensis FTWang & Tang
Paris caobangensis YHJi , H.Li & ZKZhou
Paris cronquistii ( Takht. ) H.Li - Cronquist's raven eye
Paris daliensis H.Li & VGSoukup
Paris delavayi Franch.
Paris dulongensis H. Li & Kurita
Paris dunniana H.Lév.
Paris fargesii Franch.
Paris forrestii (Takht.) H.Li
Paris incompleta M. Bieb. - The raven eye is incomplete *
Paris japonica (Franch. & Sav. ) Franch.
Paris luquanensis H. Li
Paris mairei H.Lév.
Paris marmorata stearn
Paris polyandra SFWang
Paris polyphylla Sm. - The raven eye has many leaves
Paris quadrifolia L. - Common Raven Eye , or Four Leaf Raven Eye *
Paris rugosa H. Li & Kurita
Paris stigmatosa SDZhang
Paris tetraphylla A.Gray
Paris thibetica Franch.
Paris undulata H. Li & VGSoukup
Paris vaniotii H.Lév.
Paris verticillata M. Bieb. *
Paris vietnamensis (Takht.) H.Li

Asterisks indicate species that grow on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries ^[5] .

Synonyms

Alopicarpus Neck.
Cartalinia Szov. ex kunth
Daiswa raf .
Demidovia Hoffm. , nom. illeg.
Euthyra Salisb.
Kinugasa Tatew. & Sutô

Notes

↑ For the conventionality of indicating the class of monocotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Monocotyledonous article .
↑ The world's largest nuclear cell genome has been discovered - YugA.ru
↑ Drum, E.I. Botanica: a textbook for students. higher textbook. institutions. - M: Publ. Center "Academy", 2006. - S. 364. - 448 p. - ISBN 5-7695-2656-4 .
↑ Species in Paris . The Plant List (2013). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Date accessed August 19, 2015.
↑ Flora of the USSR, 1935 , p. 469.

Literature

Knorring, O. E. Rod 294. The black eye - Paris L. // Flora of the USSR : in 30 tons / hl. ed. V.L. Komarov . - L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1935. - T. 4 / ed. volumes V. L. Komarov. - S. 469—473. - 760, XXX p. - 5175 copies.

Links

The raven eye // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907. (Retrieved October 2, 2009)
The raven eye // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. (Retrieved October 2, 2009)

[1] For the conventionality of indicating the class of monocotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Monocotyledonous article .

[Открыт_самый_большой_в_мире_геном_ядерной_клетки-2] The world's largest nuclear cell genome has been discovered - YugA.ru

[Barabanov-3] Drum, E.I. Botanica: a textbook for students. higher textbook. institutions. - M: Publ. Center "Academy", 2006. - S. 364. - 448 p. - ISBN 5-7695-2656-4 .

[4] Species in Paris . The Plant List (2013). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Date accessed August 19, 2015.

[_7cddcb703edd9243-5] Flora of the USSR, 1935 , p. 469.