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BM-21

BM-21 ( GRAU Index - 9K51 ) - the Soviet self- propelled multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) of 122 mm caliber, also known as the Grad MLRS.

BM-21 combat vehicle Field reactive system M-21
ParkPatriot2015part5-37.jpg
BM-21 fighting vehicle in the Patriot park.
Classificationmultiple launch rocket system
Chassisfamily of trucks Ural-375D and Ural-4320
Story
Country of developmentUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics
Years of production1960 - 1988
Years of operation1963 - present
Number of issuedmore than 8500 [1] pcs.
Dimensions
Mass in combat13,700 kg
Travel Length7350 mm
Stowed Width2400 mm
Travel height3090 mm
Clearance400 mm
Armament
Caliber122 mm
Number of guides40
Minimum firing rangeOFS : 4000
CAS : 2500
UAS : 1600 m
Maximum firing rangeOFS : 40,000
CAS : 33,000
UAS : 42 000 m
Lesion area145,000 [2] m²
Maximum elevation angle55 °
Accuracy (dispersion)At the maximum range, the RMSD in range was 1/130, and the lateral one was 1/200. m
AimPanorama gun PG-1M
BM calculation3 pax
Transferring the system from traveling to combat no more3.5 min
Volley time20 s
Mobility
engine's type
Ural-375
ManufacturerZIL
MarkUral-375
Type ofPetrol
Volume6962 [3] cm 3
Maximum power180 [3] l. with. ( 133 [3] kW ), at 3200 [4] rpm
Maximum torque465 [3] Nm , at 1800 rpm
ConfigurationV8
Cylindereight
Valves8 × 2 [3]
Bore108 [5] mm
Piston stroke95 [5] mm
Compression ratio6.5 [3] [5]
Supply systemtwo-chamber carburetor type MKZ-K89A [5]
CoolingLiquid, [3] forced with a centrifugal pump [5]
Valve mechanismOHV
Cylinder block materialcast iron [5]
Cylinder head materialaluminum [5]
Timing (number of measures)4 [3]
Cylinder operation1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8 [5]
Recommended FuelA-76 [3]
Engine power180 l with.
Highway Speed75 km / h
Cruising on the highway750 km
Wheel formula6 × 6
Fighting vehicle 9P138 MLRS Grad-1 on the ZiL-131 chassis

Designed to engage open and sheltered manpower, unarmored vehicles and armored personnel carriers in the area of ​​concentration, artillery and mortar batteries, command posts and other targets, solving other tasks in various combat situations.

Development

Involved Structures

The development of multiple launch rocket systems was started at NII-147 by order of the State Defense Committee of February 24, 1959. [6] In accordance with Council of Ministers Resolution No. 578–236 of May 30, 1960, the creation of combat and transport vehicles for the Grad MLRS was commissioned SKB-203 [7] . With the same document, the development of new varieties of gunpowder of the “RSI” brand for a solid fuel charge was assigned to NII-6 [8] . Mechanical fuses for rockets were developed by the Research Institute of Technology in Balashikha [9] . Warheads were developed by the Research Chemical-Technological Institute [10] . System tests took place at Sofrinsky artillery range [11] . The guidance system for the naval version of the MLRS ( S-39 ) was developed by the TsNII-173 [12] .

By Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 372-130 of March 28, 1963, the Grad field reactive system was adopted by the Soviet Army.

Series Production

Serial production of combat vehicles BM-21 was deployed at the Perm plant them. Lenin and was conducted until 1988 [13] . The production of 9P132 launchers was established by the Kovrov Mechanical Plant . During serial production, 6536 combat vehicles were delivered to the Soviet Army alone. At least 646 cars were manufactured for export. By 1995, after the completion of serial production, more than 2000 BM-21 combat vehicles were in service with 50 countries of the world. The production of rockets was carried out by the NPO Splav, in total more than 3 million various rockets for the Grad MLRS were produced [14] .

Composition of the complex

 
Models of 122 mm rockets

The M-21 field reactive system, better known as the Grad MLRS ( GRAU Index - 9K51 ) includes the BM-21 combat vehicle ( GRAU Index - 2B5 , the Ural-375D chassis ), and subsequently the BM-21 combat vehicle was created -1 on the modified chassis of the Ural-4320 all- terrain vehicle), 122 mm M-21OF unguided projectile (standard, a whole family of shells of this caliber was later developed).

For transporting shells in boxes, trucks of national economic purpose can be used, and for transportation without boxes - a transport machine with a set of racks 9F37. The M-21 system was created to arm the divisional artillery at NII-147 (nowadays NPO SPLAV OJSC (Tula) under the leadership of the chief designer Alexander Nikitovich Ganichev , as well as related enterprises, including NII-6 (Moscow ) and SKB-203 ( Sverdlovsk , now Yekaterinburg).

According to the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( Podolsk ), several types of rockets were developed during the work:

  • with a combined powder starting engine and marching ramjet on solid fuel in the form of four nacelles with air intakes that were mounted independently in the rear;
  • a projectile of the same design scheme with the difference that the solid fuel of the main engine was concentrated in one central compartment in the form of two cylinders, and with incomplete combustion, its products flowed out through four openings into the nacelles, where they burned out in the air stream;
  • shell with rigid stabilizers;
  • projectile with folding blades of the stabilizer block.

As a result of the work, an unguided M-21OF missile was created (with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead including two welded corrugated bushings to provide increased fragmentation impact) and a two-chamber rocket engine with one charge, but of different sizes, from ballistic solid fuel in each chamber and stabilizer block with folding blades.

Options

The M-21 field reactive system became the basis for a number of other domestic systems for firing 122 mm unguided rockets: “ 9K59 Prima ”, “ 9K54 Grad-V ”, “ Grad-VD ”, “Light portable reactive system Grad-P ”, 22-barrel ship " A-215 Grad-M ", " 9K55 Grad-1 ", BM-21PD "Dam" , as well as a number of foreign systems, including " RM-70 ", " RM-70/85 ", " RM -70 / 85M ”,“ APRA ”,“ PRL111 ”,“ PRL113 ”,“ Type 81 ”,“ Type 83 ”,“ Type 84 ”,“ Type 89 ”,“ Type 90 ”,“ Type 90A ”,“ Type 90B ”,“ BM-11 ”,“ HADID ”,“ Lynx ”(Naiza,“ Naiza ”),“ Modular ”, ,“ Grad-1A BelGrad ”, T-122 “ Sakarya ”, " BM-21 Kazgrad "

  • 9K51 Grad - the basic version.
    • 9K51M “Tornado-G” - further development of the system: a modernized combat vehicle 2B17-1 / 2B17M with a more advanced fire control system with satellite navigation and a computer for calculating ballistic corrections, and with new NURS with a maximum firing range of up to 40 km.
  • 9K54 “Grad-V” - is a landing (lightened) modification with a 9P125 combat vehicle with 12 guides and a transport vehicle with a set of unified racks 9F37V based on a GAZ-66B truck for airborne forces [15] .
    • Grad-VD - is a tracked version of the Grad-V system with a BM-21VD combat vehicle with 12 guides and a transport and loading vehicle based on the BTR-D armored personnel carrier .
  • 9K55 Grad-1 is a modification of the Grad system with a 9P138 combat vehicle with 36 guides and a 9T450 transport and loading vehicle based on a ZIL-131 truck [16] for regimental artillery (and not for divisional artillery ), for example, for marine corps .
    • 9K55-1 Grad-1 - is a tracked version of the Grad-1 system with a 9P139 combat vehicle based on the 2C1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzer chassis with 36 guides and a 9T451 transport and loading vehicle based on the MT-LBU multi-purpose tractor.
  • 9K59 "Prima" - is a modification of the Grad system of increased firepower. The system includes a 9A51 combat vehicle with 50 guides and a 9T232M transport-loading vehicle based on a Ural 4320 truck [17] .
  • MLRS Grad-1A (BelGrad) - is a Belarussian modification of the Grad system with a BM-21A combat vehicle based on a MAZ-6317-05 truck .
  • Bastion-01 , Bastion-02 , BM-21U Verba - Ukrainian modernization of BM-21.

Modifications of combat vehicles

  • 2B5 - BM-21 combat vehicle MLRS 9K51 on the Ural-375D chassis .
  • 2B17 - combat vehicle BM-21-1 MLRS 9K51 on the Ural-4320 chassis .
    • 2B17-1 - the upgraded combat vehicle BM-21-1 MLRS 9K51M Tornado-G on the Ural-4320 chassis .
    • 2B17M - the upgraded combat vehicle BM-21-1 MLRS 9K51M Tornado-G on the Ural-4320 chassis .
  • 2B26 - combat vehicle BM-21 RSZO 9K51 on the KamAZ-5350 chassis . Modernization of the 2B5 combat vehicle with the transfer of its warhead from the Ural-375D chassis to the KamAZ-5350 chassis . Modernization is carried out by Motovilikhinsky Plants OJSC . For the first time, a 2B26 combat vehicle model was publicly shown in Perm on September 23, 2011.

General characteristics

 
Fighting vehicle 2B26 MLRS "Grad" on the KamAZ-5350 chassis

Adopted in 1963 . Projectile caliber - 122 mm. Number of shells for a volley: 40 pieces. The maximum range for hitting a target is up to 40 km, the minimum is at least 1.6 km. The artillery unit is mounted on modified types of truck chassis of the Ural-375 or Ural-4320 families, depending on the modification. Modification "Grad-1" is mounted on the " ZIL-131 ". The speed of movement of combat vehicles is 75–90 km / h. The system includes a complex of automated fire control "Vivarium".

Belarusian modification - the combat vehicle MLRS Grad-1A (BelGrad) is mounted on the modified chassis of the MAZ-6317 truck. Maximum speed: 85 km / h, cruising range: 1200 km, BM weight: 16.45 tons. BM calculation: 6 people. Carries a spare ammunition in the amount of 60 missiles. Reload time: 7 min.

Operators

 
Map operators BM-21 "Grad"
 
BM-21 combat vehicle based on a Ural-375D truck
 
PMR Parade September 2, 2010. Multiple launch rocket systems BB-21 Grad
  •   Azerbaijan - 43 BM-21, as of 2016 [18]
  •   Algeria - 48 BM-21, as of 2016 [19]
  •   Angola - 50 BM-21, as of 2016 [20]
  •   Armenia - 47 BM-21, as of 2016 [21]
  •   Belarus - 126 BM-21, as of 2016 [22]
  •   Bulgaria - 24 BM-21, as of 2016 [23]
  •   Burundi - 12 BM-21, as of 2016 [24]
  •   Venezuela - 24 BM-21 units, as of 2016 [25] , delivered in 2011 from Russia . The contract was concluded in 2009 [26]
  •   Vietnam - 350 BM-21, as of 2016 [27]
  •   Georgia - 13 BM-21, as of 2016 [28]
  •   Egypt - 60 BM-21, as of 2016 [29]
  •   Zambia - 30 BM-21, of which about 12 are estimated as combat-ready, as of 2016 [30]
  •   Israel - 58 BM-21 in storage, as of 2016 [31]
  •   India - about 150 BM-21s, as of 2016 [32]
  •   Iran - 100 BM-21, as of 2016 [33]
  •   Iraq - a certain amount of BM-21, as of 2016 [34] , a total of 154 BM-21 units were delivered [35]
  •   Kazakhstan - 200 BM-21 of which 100 are in storage, as of 2016 [36]
  •   Cambodia - 8 BM-21, as of 2016 [37]
  •   Cameroon - 20 BM-21, as of 2016 [38]
  •   Qatar - 3 BM-21, as of 2013 [39]
  •   Cyprus - 4 BM-21, as of 2016 [40]
  •   Kyrgyzstan - 15 BM-21, as of 2016 [41]
  •   Republic of the Congo - 10 BM-21, as of 2016 [42]
  •   Democratic Republic of the Congo - 24 BM-21, as of 2016 [43]
  •   DPRK - a certain amount, as of 2016 [44]
  •   Côte d'Ivoire - 6 BM-21, as of 2016 [45]
  •   Cuba - 175 BM-14 and BM-21, as of 2016 [46] , a total of 178 BM-21 units were delivered [35]
  •   Laos - demonstrated at the parade in January 2019 [47]
  •   Lebanon - 11 BM-21, as of 2016 [48]
  •   Libya - a certain amount of BM-21, as of 2016 [49]
  •   Northern Macedonia - 6 BM-21, as of 2016 [50]
  •   Mali - more than 30 BM-21s, as of 2016 [51]
  •   Morocco - 35 BM-21, as of 2016 [52]
  •   Mozambique - 12 BM-21, as of 2016 [53]
  •   Mongolia - 130 BM-21, as of 2016 [54]
  •   Myanmar - possibly some, as of 2016 [55]
  •   Namibia - 5 BM-21, as of 2016 [56]
  •   Nicaragua - 18 BM-21, as of 2016 [57]
  •   Peru - 22 BM-21, as of 2016 [58]
  •   Poland - 75 BM-21, as of 2016 [59]
  •   Russia :
    • Russian Ground Forces - 2,550 BM-21 of which 2,000 are in storage, as of 2016 [60]
    • Coastal troops of the Russian Navy - 36 BM-21, as of 2016 [61]
  •   Romania 6 BM-21 on ships, as of 2016 [62]
  •   Senegal 8 BM-21, as of 2017 [63]
  •   Syria - a certain amount of BM-21, as of 2016 [64]
  •   Sudan - 120 BM-21, as of 2016 [65]
  •   Tajikistan - 3 BM-21, as of 2016 [66]
  •   Turkey - 35 BM-21, as of 2016 [67]
  •   Tanzania - 58 BM-21, as of 2016 [68]
  •   Turkmenistan - 70 BM-21, as of 2016 [69]
  •   Uganda - a certain amount of BM-21, as of 2016 [70]
  •   Uzbekistan - 36 BM-21, as of 2016 [71]
  •   Ukraine - 185 BM-21, as of 2016 [72]
  •   Croatia - 31 BM-21, as of 2016 [73]
  •   Chad - 6 BM-21, as of 2016 [74]
  •   Ecuador - 18 BM-21, as of 2016 [75]
  •   Eritrea - 35 BM-21, as of 2016 [67]
  •   Ethiopia - about 50 BM-21s, as of 2016 [76]
  •   South Sudan - some BM-21s, as of 2016 [77]
  •   Iraqi Kurdistan - a certain amount of BM-21, as of 2016 [78]
  •   Islamic State - a certain amount of BM-21, as of 2016 [79]
  •   Hezbollah - a certain amount of BM-21, as of 2016 [78]

Former Operators

  •   USSR - switched to the states formed after the collapse.
  •   Afghanistan - some, as of 2010 [80]
  •   Bosnia and Herzegovina - 5 BM-21, as of 2012 [81]
  •   Hungary - more than 62 BM-21 in storage, as of 2007 [82]
  •   Guinea - 18 BM-21 units delivered [35]
  •   GDR - 72 BM-21 units were delivered from the USSR during the period from 1968 to 1971 [26]
  •   Yemen - 280 BM-21, of which about 150 are combat-ready, as of 2012 [83]
  •   Kenya - 11 BM-21s reported as of 2010 [84]
  •   Moldova - delivered 14 units of BM-21 [35]
  •   Nigeria - 11 BM-21 units delivered [35]
  •   North Yemen - 70 BM-21 units were delivered from the USSR during the period from 1980 to 1981 [26]
  •   Seychelles - delivered 2 units of BM-21 [35]
  •   Somalia - 10 BM-21 units delivered from the USSR in 1976 [26]
  •   USA - 75 units of BM-21 delivered between 1992 and 2010 (63 from Romania , another 12 from Ukraine ) [85]
  •   Finland - delivered 94 units of BM-21 [35]
  •   NDR Yemen - 54 BM-21 units were delivered from the USSR during the period from 1973 to 1975 [26]
  •   Republic of Abkhazia - 1 BM-21, as of 2008 [86]
  •   Sahara Arab Democratic Republic - 10 [87]
  •   South Ossetia - 23 BM-21, as of 2008 [86] [88]

Missiles

 
The warhead for rockets rocket launchers "Grad"
 
Cut-out model of incendiary head part 9N510 for Grad MLRS, incendiary elements are visible
Ammunition Nomenclature [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94]
Shell IndexIndexWarheadProjectile weight, kgProjectile length mmWeight Warhead , kgWeight BB / OV , kgFuse typeFiring range, km
High explosive
9M229H5165,72..66287018,46.4contact5..20.4
9M22U9H5166.6..66.78287018,46.4contact5..20.4
9M22U-19H5166.6287018,46.4contact5..20.4
9M28F9H5556.52870216.02contact4..15
9M521 [sn 1]66284021electronic15..40
9M522 [sn 1]703037254,5electronic8..37.5
M-21 OF [sn 2]66275019.9contactup to 20,217
Type 81 (high-explosive fragmentation) [sn 3]6018.3contactup to 20
Type 81 (extended range) [sn 3]612757non-contactup to 30
Type 90A (high-explosive fragmentation) [sn 3]61275718.3contact12.7..32.7
Rocket Steel Ball Shell [sn 3]66.8287019.256contactup to 20
Arash [d 4]65281518.38contactup to 21.5
Noor [Sun 5]45205018.35contactbefore 18
Long Range Rocket [sn 6]72320018contactup to 29
HE Yarmuk [ d 7]66287520,46contactup to 20.58
GRAD [ d 8]66.182753contactup to 20.13
SPALL [ d 9]66.182753contactup to 20.13
LR [Sun 10]46.25126.4contactup to 12
EXP-122 [Sun 11]70.820contactup to 24.6
JROF [ d 12]65.828816.4contact
JROF-K [sn 12]46.319326.4contactuntil 11
Extended Range Artillery Rocket [Sun 13]65.9290018,4contact10..40
Cassette
3M16 [sun 14]3M1856.4301921.65 × 0.14non-contact2,5..13,4
9М28К [сн 15]57,7301922.83×1,85неконтактный2,5..13,4
9М43 [сн 16]56.52270215×0,8неконтактный5..20,1
9М217 [сн 17] [сн 1]70303725electronic8..30
9М218 [сн 18] [сн 1]70303725electronic8..30
Type 81 (с КОБЭ) [сн 19]60.5292718.3неконтактныйup to 20
Type 81 (с минами) [сн 20]60неконтактный7..15
Type 90A (кассетный) [сн 21]60.52927nineteenнеконтактныйдо 32
Fadjr 6 [сн 22]63283032неконтактный3,5..6
PLATAN [сн 23]75.13285неконтактныйдо 18
JRKK-G [сн 24]AGAT68неконтактный6,5..33
Trnovnik [сн 25]65.8278014,85неконтактный6,5..33
Управляемые
«Угроза-1М» [сн 26]662870215,0контактный1,6..42
Зажигательные
9М22С9Н51066297017.85,94контактный1,5..19,89
9М28С9Н51053231817.85,94контактный1,65..15,07
Агитационные
9М28Д9Н51152.32280170,142неконтактный1,65..15,42
Осветительные
9М42 [сн 27]271760неконтактный1..5
Постановщик помех КВ / УКВ
9М519(-1..7) [сн 28]66302518,4-неконтактный4,5..18,3
Химические
9М239Н5666.719.32,9 [сн 29]неконтактныйдо 19
9М23М9Н576719.33,1 [сн 30]неконтактныйup to 20
9Н583,075 [сн 31]неконтактный
Training
9М28ФУЧ-ТР-56.52870---4..15
9Ф839 [сн 32]74.53370--до 11
9Ф839-1 [сн 33]74.53370--до 11
9Ф839-2 [сн 34]77.83378--до 11

Combat use

Советский Союз

  1. Пограничный конфликт на острове Даманский — первое боевое применение БМ-21 «Град». Применялись советскими войсками [95] .
  2. Афганская война (1979—1989) — применялись советскими войсками [95] .

Конфликты на постсоветском пространстве

  1. Карабахский конфликт — применялись Азербайджаном при обстреле населённых пунктов и инфраструктуры Нагорного Карабаха [96] . Также применялись армянской стороной. Наиболее известным эпизодом применения «Градов» стала битва за Омарский перевал , которая стала решающим сражением при взятии Кельбаджарского района и освобождении Арцаха в целом. 18 февраля 1994 года армянские установки «Град» накрыли 130-ю бригаду, пытающуюся уйти через перевал на север. В результате было убито около 1500 войск противника, 130-я бригада была полностью разгромлена, а большинство из тех немногих, кто выжил, потом попали в плен [97] .
  2. Первая Чеченская война — применялись российскими войсками. 16 боевых машин БМ-21 и около 1000 НУРС были захвачены чеченскими боевиками и использовались против российских войск [95] (в частности, успешно применены в битве за Долинское , убив 6 российских солдат, потеряв при этом 3 установки «Град») [98] [99] [100] . Уже к концу первого периода операции российских войск дудаевские установки «Град» были уничтожены все до одной [101] .
  3. Вторая Чеченская война — применялись российскими войсками [95] .
  4. Война в Южной Осетии (2008)
  5. Вооружённый конфликт на востоке Украины — используются обеими противоборствующими сторонами (с 2014 г.) [102] [103] [78] .

Ближний Восток и Африка

  1. Активно использовались в Анголе , Сомали и других вооружённых конфликтах. Одной из самых заметных страниц участия БМ-21 в Африке стала битва при Кифангондо 10 ноября 1975 года. В ходе боя 4 установки «Град», управляемых кубинскими экипажами, дали два залпа по 2500 войск ФНЛА, Заира и ЮАР, форсирующих реку. В результате удара было убито 345 боевиков ФНЛА, 50 солдат Заира и неизвестное число юаровцев, наступление было остановлено [104] .
  2. Гражданская война в Ливии [105] .
  3. РСЗО «Град» применялась сирийской армией во время гражданской войны в Сирии , в частности при освобождении Пальмиры [106] .

Автомобили , на которых базируется система

Основной машиной базирования "градов" является УралАЗ и КАМАЗ .Так же подобные системы в разных странах на разных машинах как например Татра .

Images

  • «Град» на базе Урал-4320 в 4-й гвардейской танковой дивизии
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  • «Град» на базе Урал-375Д в Музее техники Вадима Задорожного
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Notes

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Предназначен для РСЗО 9К51М , в составе 9К51 может использоваться только при наличии ручного установщика электронных взрывателей.
  2. ↑ Снаряд производства Болгарии .
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Снаряд производства Китая .
  4. ↑ Китайская копия снаряда 9М22 для поставок в Иран .
  5. ↑ Укороченная модификация снаряда Arash. Производится в Иране .
  6. ↑ Удлинённая модификация снаряда Arash. Производится в Иране .
  7. ↑ Снаряд производства Пакистана .
  8. ↑ Снаряд производства Польши .
  9. ↑ Снаряд производства Польши . Содержит 6500 готовых поражающих элементов
  10. ↑ Снаряд производства Словакии . Головная кассетная часть содержит 56 боевых элементов по 280 граммов калибром 38 мм и бронепробиваемостью гомогенной стальной брони 110..130 мм по нормали.
  11. ↑ Снаряд производства Словакии . Модернизированный вариант снаряда 9М22 с увеличенной дальностью.
  12. ↑ 1 2 Снаряд производства Словакии .
  13. ↑ Снаряд производства Турции .
  14. ↑ Кассетная головная часть содержит 5 противопехотных мин ПОМ-2 .
  15. ↑ Кассетная головная часть содержит 3 противотанковых мины ПТМ-3 .
  16. ↑ Кассетная головная часть содержит 5 дымовых элементов с красным фосфором , создавая дымовую завесу размерами 1000х800 метров, длительностью до 5,3 мин.
  17. ↑ Кассетная головная часть содержит 2 самоприцеливающихся кумулятивных боевых элемента с бронепробиваемостью до 60..70 мм под углом 30°.
  18. ↑ Кассетная головная часть содержит 180 осколков и 45 кумулятивно-осколочных боевых элемента, пробивающих по нормали гомогенную броню толщиной 100..120 мм.
  19. ↑ Снаряд производства Китая . Головная кассетная часть содержит 39 боевых элементов Type 90 калибром 40 мм.
  20. ↑ Снаряд производства Китая . Головная кассетная часть может содержать как противопехотные так и противотанковые мины.
  21. ↑ Снаряд производства Китая . Головная часть содержит либо 39 боевых элементов калибром 42,2 мм, либо неустановленное количество мин диаметром 114 мм
  22. ↑ Снаряд производства Ирана . Кассетная головная часть содержит 8 противотанковых или противопехотных мин.
  23. ↑ Снаряд производства Польши . Кассетная головная часть содержит 5 противотанковых мин.
  24. ↑ Снаряд производства Словакии . Головная кассетная часть содержит 56 боевых элементов по 280 граммов калибром 38 мм и бронепробиваемостью гомогенной стальной брони 110..130 мм по нормали.
  25. ↑ Снаряд производства Словакии . Головная кассетная часть содержит 63 боевых элемента по 131 грамму калибром 38 мм и бронепробиваемостью гомогенной стальной брони 100 мм по нормали.
  26. ↑ Головная часть снаряда оснащёна лазерной головкой с комбинированной системой самонаведения на конечном участке баллистической траектории.
  27. ↑ Обеспечивает освещение местности радиусом до 500 метров в течение не менее 90 секунд.
  28. ↑ Обеспечивает заградительные шумовые помехи в диапазоне частот от 1,5 до 120 МГц в течение не менее 60 минут.
  29. ↑ Отравляющее вещество Р-33 (аналог VX ).
  30. ↑ Отравляющее вещество Р-35 ( зарин ).
  31. ↑ Отравляющее вещество Р-55 ( зоман ).
  32. ↑ Снаряд представляет собой имитатор воздушной цели, оснащённый ложной тепловой целью типа «Дрозд».
  33. ↑ Снаряд представляет собой имитатор воздушной цели, оснащённый ложной тепловой целью типа «Диез».
  34. ↑ Снаряд представляет собой имитатор воздушной цели, оснащённый радиолокационным отражателем.

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Literature

  • Tikhonov S.G. Defense enterprises of the USSR and Russia: in 2 vols . - M .: TOM, 2010 .-- T. 1 .-- 608 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-903603-02-2 .
  • Tikhonov S.G. Defense enterprises of the USSR and Russia: in 2 vols . - M .: TOM, 2010 .-- T. 2 .-- 608 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-903603-03-9 .
  • Colonel Engineer V. Knyazkov. At the position of BM-21 // magazine "Young Technician", No. 5, 1982. p.30-31
  • Angelsky R. And in the open field - the Grad system (Rus.) // Equipment and weapons yesterday, today, tomorrow: magazine. - 2003. - January ( No. 01 ). - S. 29-33 .

Links

  • Video on RuTube.ru: MLRS 9K51 Grad
  • Video on YouTube: A lot of volleys of the GRAD system
  • Fighting vehicle BM-21 MLRS Grad-1A (BelGrad)
  • 122 mm Grad multiple launch rocket system
  • Field reactive system M-21
  • Light portable reactive system "Grad-P"
  •   The release of the program “Weapons of National Pride” dedicated to the Grad MLRS
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=БМ-21&oldid=101026700


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