The Siege of Homs is a series of military operations conducted by the Syrian armed forces from May 2011 to May 2014 with the aim of defeating the armed opposition groups in the city of Homs and regaining control over it.
Siege Homs | |||
---|---|---|---|
Main conflict: Syrian civil war | |||
The situation in the city in May 2014. The black line marked the front line on April 10, the blue line - on April 20 | |||
date | May 6, 2011 - May 9, 2014 | ||
A place | Homs , Homs Province , Syria | ||
Total | The victory of the government forces [1] [2] | ||
Changes | the restoration by the Syrian government of control over the city | ||
Opponents | |||
| |||
Commanders | |||
| |||
Forces of the parties | |||
| |||
Losses | |||
| |||
Homs was one of the first cities where armed clashes of the civil war in Syria broke out, and therefore among the Syrian opposition, it is known as the “capital of the revolution” [1] [2] .
The first offensive of the government forces was organized in February 2012 [10] , and on April 12, 2012, a cease-fire agreement was concluded.
Later, the militants returned to Homs, but on December 30, 2012, government forces again took control of the city [11] , while the militants suffered heavy losses in manpower and equipment [12] .
In June 2013, government forces launched the third offensive against Homs [13] [14] .
By the beginning of 2014, a large part of Homs was under the control of the armed forces, with the exception of two areas. In May, with the mediation of the UN , a cease-fire agreement was concluded, according to which the remnants of the rebels surrendered their weapons and left the city. As a result, Homs completely came under the control of the government [1] [2] . Three-year battles in the city led to significant destruction and casualties.
Background
On April 21, 2011, in Homs, unidentified people killed, along with the children of two generals of the Syrian army. Official media blamed the Islamists for this, and the opposition accused government provocateurs. Both generals served in a unit stationed near Homs. In addition to the generals, at least two more soldiers and two officers of the Syrian army were killed in a similar way [15]
Since the beginning of May, in Homs and the immediate vicinity of the city, in addition to protest actions, attacks, sabotage and murders committed by armed militants were regularly recorded. Thus, on May 7, an armed group attacked a military unit, which resulted in the death of 1 officer and 4 police officers, several people were injured [16] .
At the end of July, the first clashes between government forces and rebels occurred [17] .
On July 23, there were two explosions in the military school of the city of Homs [18] . On the same day, in the city of Homs, as a result of deliberate damage to the railroad bed [19] , a passenger train caught fire and caught fire - the driver died, many passengers were injured [20] .
September 5 in Homs were introduced units of the Syrian army. During the fighting against the militants who seized several neighborhoods in the old part of the city, before the September 10, 8 were killed and several dozen military personnel were injured [21] .
October 18, government forces conducted a special operation in Homs. According to human rights organizations, 21 people were killed in the clashes (among which were civilians and members of the security forces) [22]
On 30 October, 20 Syrian army personnel were killed and 20 wounded in clashes between the Syrian army and gunmen in Homs; in addition, 10 civilians were killed [23] .
On the night of November 7, Syrian troops entered the center of the city, the rebels left the Bab Amr area [24] .
On November 11, 2 more were killed and 2 more Syrian policemen were killed in clashes with armed militants in the al-Bayyad [25] .
On November 28, government forces in the Bustan quarter prevented a major terrorist attack - bombs planted near the Church of the Most Holy Theotokos were discovered and defused [26]
On December 14, a new complication of the situation in the city occurred. Anti-government protests are accompanied by riots. Islamic militants seize private homes and police stations. Government forces launched a military operation using armored vehicles, and they blocked Bab Sbaa Square and El-Baida, Khalidia, and Deir-Baalba areas [27] .
On December 24, Syrian troops used tanks to suppress rebel firing points in Bab Amr, 13 people were reportedly killed [28] [29] .
On January 11, 2012, 8 people were killed and 25 were injured in the Sunni quarter of Homs as a result of the shelling of militants [30] , a France-France television station 2 reporter Gilles Jacquier was killed by an 81-mm mortar mine fired by insurgents. The shelling began when foreign reporters were about to interview demonstrators who had gone to a rally in support of Syrian President Bashar Assad in the Akrama quarter of Akram [31] .
On January 22, in the city of Homs, a group of terrorists fired on a long-distance bus, 11 people were killed and 3 people were seriously injured [32] .
Evaluation of the strategic importance of Homs
Homs is a major industrial center and transportation hub, there is a refinery and several oil depots, pipelines run through Homs from the oil fields of eastern Syria to the ports of Tartus and Baniyas and the country's largest cities - Damascus, Aleppo and Latakia province. Control over Homs allowed to complicate the situation in the fuel and energy complex and the economy of Syria.
Location 30 km from the border with Lebanon and the presence of the highway made it possible to organize the supply of a large group of militants, as well as to begin an operation to block the strategic Damascus-Aleppo highway connecting the southern and northern regions of Syria.
The holding of Homs (which was openly called the “Syrian Misurata”, the “Syrian Benghazi”, the “stronghold of resistance”) was given political importance by the leaders of the antigovernment opposition [33] [34] .
There is an opinion that Homs should have become a stronghold of the opposition during the “ general offensive ” against Damascus.
Artillery shelling and storming of the city (February 4 - March 1, 2012)
According to the opposition, the offensive began with artillery shelling by the Syrian armed forces in response to an attack by members of the Free Syrian Army on checkpoints on February 3, 2012, which killed about 10 soldiers [35] . According to opposition reports, government forces after this attack on the night of 3 to 4 February bombarded the Khaldiyeh area using tanks, helicopters, artillery, rockets and mortars. According to opposition activists, the areas of Bab Amr, Bab Tadmour, Bab Dreib, Karm el-Shami and Al-Inshaat were also shelled . 36] [37] [38] .
On February 4, the shelling of Homs continued (by this time the city was no longer controlled by the government [39] ). According to the human rights organization Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 200 people died [40] . Shelling continued until February 8 [41] .
The Syrian government blamed the opposition’s militants for what happened. According to the government, the purpose of their attack on army posts was to put pressure on the UN Security Council , which was to vote on a resolution on February 4 calling for a peaceful solution to the crisis in the country [42] . The Syrian government confirmed the anti-terrorist operation in the Homs area, but rejected the allegations of indiscriminate use of force, blaming the killings of civilians and foreign journalists on militants [43] .
On February 7, militants fired at a weaving factory, attacked positions of government forces and blew up several buildings, on whose roofs car tires were set on fire, in order to imitate the consequences of an air strike. On the same day, during the operation of the Syrian army special units, several dozen militants were killed, weapons and equipment were captured (including anti-aircraft machine guns, grenade launchers, guided missiles and night vision devices), 6 special forces killed and 11 wounded [44] .
On February 9, militants fired at a refinery from a mortar, as a result, the building was damaged and two oil tanks were set on fire, the fire inside the plant was extinguished [45] .
On February 10, the terrorists blew up several mined houses in the Bab Amr quarter, another 15 explosive devices were deactivated by sappers of government forces [46] .
On February 15, militants blew up a trunk oil pipeline [47] on the outskirts of the city of Homs as a result of an explosion started a severe fire [48] .
On February 17, gunmen blew up a gas pipeline in the Al-Sultanieh urban area [49] .
On February 18, militants fired at fuel depots at an oil refinery in Homs, several shells hit tanks with gasoline with a capacity of 50 thousand tons of fuel. The resulting fire was able to localize [50] .
On the morning of February 21, government troops bombarded Bab Amr area with artillery, and units of the Syrian army fought street battles [51] .
February 22 in Homs during the bombing killed two foreign journalists - a US journalist Mary Colvin and French photographer Remy Oshlik. The victims engaged in reporter activities without the permission of the Syrian Ministry of Information [52] .
On February 25, Syrian media reported that 10 French soldiers (among whom were officers and even one colonel) were captured by the Syrian army in Bab Amr quarter in Homs. The French military demanded to treat themselves as prisoners of war, but refused to give the number of their military unit and the nature of their mission in Syria [53] . Local media reported that during the interrogation, the French said they were captured by opposition members [54] . Subsequently, the media reported about thirteen French military detainees [55] [56] .
On February 25, the Syrian government allowed the International Red Cross staff to evacuate the affected residents of Homs from the battlefield. Ambulances from quarters that were not controlled by government forces [57] evacuated several dozen people, including women and children, but the evacuation was suspended the next day [58] . On February 28, the Syrian Red Crescent announced the evacuation of 30 injured people from the area [59] .
On February 26, the government reported that 40 militants were captured in Homs [60]
On February 27, the government army launched a new shelling of a rebel-occupied city (mainly in areas inhabited by Sunni Muslims), at least two people died. [61] . On the same day, 40 militants surrendered to the government forces, and the rebels shelled the building of the military-technological college (2 people were killed and 12 were injured) [62] .
On the night of February 28-29, the Syrian army regrouped and concentrated forces. After the start of the operation, army units quickly smashed the checkpoints of the rebel forces in two blocks of the city - Bab Amr and Khaldiye [63] and continued the offensive. The soldiers moved from building to building, searching all the rooms and basements [64] , with the support of artillery fire [65] . During the operation, soldiers discovered an underground tunnel, a mile and a half long, which was used by militants to transport people and goods to the encircled city [66] .
At the end of the day, there were reports that the rebels managed to knock out Homs to the Inshat quarter and farmland to the west of the city [67] .
As a result of the fighting, the infrastructure of the city was seriously damaged, in many areas of the city the supply of electricity, water supply [64] stopped, the sewage system failed [68] , the population had problems with food [8] .
On March 1, troops surrounded the rebels in the Bab Amr area [69] and drove out of the city [70] .
As of March 2, several outbreaks of militant resistance still remained in Hamidia, Basatin and Khalidia (where 17 militants were eliminated), 600 local militants and 118 mercenaries from Arab and foreign countries were taken prisoner. According to the Lebanese television channel Orange-TV, residents of the city assisted the Syrian army servicemen in capturing members of gangs, pointing out the places where the terrorists were hiding [71] . On the same day, in the Tell el-Shavar quarter, government forces occupied the command center of the militant group; weapons and ammunition stocks, underground tunnels, a hospital and a prison were found here, in which oppositionists interrogated and killed their opponents (130 corpses with knife were found there wounds and traces of torture) [62] . Part of the militants retreated into Lebanon [72] . According to the Syrian police, participants in the fighting in Homs, fought against them " mostly all sorts of professionals from other countries: Afghans, Libyans, Turks, Saudis, Jordanians " [73] .
On the same day, a convoy of 7 trucks arrived in Homs with humanitarian assistance from the International Committee of the Red Cross and employees of the Syrian Arab Red Crescent [74] .
In the following days, government forces were engaged in demining the city (during the retreat, the militants mined many buildings). On March 5, in the district of Bab Amr, the bodies of 115 residents of the city were found killed by militants [62] .
Fighting in March-April 2012 and truce
On March 10, fierce fighting flared up again in Homs [75] .
On March 26, militants attempted to establish control over Homs, street fights began in the central quarters of Bab Sbaa, Safsaf, Warsh and Souk el-Hasheesh, in which government forces used tanks [76] .
On March 27, Homs was visited by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, he met with the Syrian army military and the population [77] .
On April 12, a cease-fire agreement [78] entered into force, and soon violated — on April 14, extremists fired at the Zahra quarter from grenade launchers, three rockets exploded on the square. According to medical sources, 1 person died and 29 were injured [79] .
Subsequent events
- 2012
- April 9, after units of the government army and armored vehicles were withdrawn from Homs, the situation in the city became more complicated, militants became more active, and violence escalated [80]
- On April 18, militant activity was recorded in several quarters of the city of Homs (El-Bayad, Khalidia, Karabys and El-Kusur) [81]
- For the first time, UN observers from the United Nations Observer Mission in Syria (UNMIS) visited Homes on April 21 [82]
- On April 24, gunmen shot at army checkpoints in 8 districts of Homs [83]
- In early May, the head of UNMIS Robert Mood made the first trip to Homs, where militants continued to operate [84] , armed with sniper rifles, machine guns, grenade launchers, explosives. Later, UN observers were deployed in the city. At the same time, in accordance with the terms of the truce, the Syrian police held posts along the perimeter, but did not enter the city blocks [85] . At the end of May 2012, Homs once again turned into a zone of active hostilities — during the last week of May, there were battles in the city, during which the militants used grenade launchers and mortars [86] .
- On June 20, staff of the International Committee of the Red Cross managed to reach an agreement on a temporary cease-fire in the city in order to evacuate civilians [87] . However, militants in the city prevented the evacuation of the population [88] .
- On July 12, in the El Quseir district of Homs, a government army unit discovered and destroyed two boats that the opposition used to supply weapons and ammunition to militants in Homs on Lake Kutein [89]
- On August 12-13, the militants counterattacked the positions of government forces in Homs [89] .
- In early September, parts of the government army engaged in battles in the city of Homs, in the Bab Sbaa and Bab-Turkman areas, they destroyed a large detachment of militants and several jeeps with machine guns. The retreating Islamists attacked the Christian village of Ghassania, where 5 people were killed and 17 local residents were taken hostage [90] . As of September 6, 2012, government troops held 80% of the city of Homs [91]
- In early October, government forces launched a major military operation in and around Homs. The SAR Air Force sent targeted blows at the headquarters of the Free Syrian Army, located in Zira, on the outskirts of the city, then began an operation to clean up areas adjacent to the Lebanese-Syrian border in order to block the transfer of weapons and reinforcements. 65 militants were killed, including commanders and several Afghans. Substantial assistance to the army special forces was provided by the locals, tired of the lawlessness that the "insurgents" were creating, according to Al-Vatan. They showed the military underground communications used by militants to move between city blocks [92] .
- On October 17, a detachment of 35 militants was killed by government forces in the Al-Bouvize area, attempting to break from Homs towards the border with Lebanon, 11 killed were citizens of Afghanistan [93]
- On November 9, extremists bombarded the Armenian quarter with mortars, there were dead and wounded [94] .
- On December 2, a mined car parked on a busy street exploded - as a result of the attack, at least 15 people were killed and 24 people were injured. [95]
- On December 11, militants fired at the Armenian quarter in the city of Homs. As a result of a direct hit by two rockets fired by the militants, the house collapsed, 5 people were killed and 37 more were injured. Among the victims, the majority of women and children [96] .
- On December 29, the special forces of the government army conducted a successful operation to squeeze out the rebels from the occupied quarters in the city of Homs, the soldiers entered the Deir-Baalba area, which the militants held for over a year. In a Syrian television report, the destroyed underground tunnels, shelters and ammunition depots were shown, which allowed the opposition to resist parts of the regular army for a long time. Continuing the offensive, the troops began preparations for the assault on the last stronghold of militants in the quarter of Khalidia, north of the old part of Homs [97] . In the battles of December 29, several dozen foreign militants were killed in Homs [98]
- On December 30, government forces established control over the city. [99] However, militant activity in the Homs area has not ceased.
- 2013
- On January 11-13, militants attempted to break into urban areas, fighting continued in several urban areas — Sultania, El Khole and El Quseir. [100]
- On January 21, in the Khalidia district of the city of Homs, the special forces of the government army destroyed a group of 70 militants [101] .
- On February 6, at the military facility in the city of Homs, two mined vehicles were blown up, as a result of which at least 35 people were killed and 30 were injured [102]
- On February 28, in the city of Woms al-Dahab, another mined car exploded, killed and wounded as a result of the explosion [103]
- On March 21, another mined car exploded in the Wadi al-Jahab area of Homs city, the attack was accompanied by victims [104]
- In March, government forces regained control over the central district of Bab Amr, where insurgents who had seized several city districts had previously penetrated [105]
- In early April, Syrian troops killed several terrorists, two militant commanders ( Mlik Daghstani and Abdull Wahid Nyjm ), two caches of weapons and ammunition in the Al-Khalidia quarter, which cleared a Volkswagen vehicle with 10 explosive charges parked in early April. at the Um al-Banen school in al-Hamra quarter [106]
- On June 29, the Syrian army began an intense shelling of the city of Homs. Artillery and tanks shelled areas under rebel control. From the air, government troops were supported by aviation. [107]
- As of July 10, 30% of the city was under the control of armed opposition groups [108] .
Government capture of the city
In early May 2014, the Syrian government and the rebels concluded a ceasefire agreement in the city of Homs and the evacuation of civilians and militants [109] . Each militant was allowed to take with him an automatic, a backpack with personal belongings, and a grenade launcher and machine gun on each bus. The first group of evacuees arrived in the cities of Talbis and Dar-al-Kabir, 20 km to the north [110] .
On May 8, Governor Homs Talal al-Barrazi stated that the liberation of the old quarters of Homs was complete, and the Syrian armed forces took control of the city, but the rebels control the outskirts of the city, as well as one of the fortified centers, Rastan [111] . 980 people were taken out of Homs, the majority being members of armed groups [112] . Thus, the number of evacuees in two days amounted to about 2 thousand people. Municipal services began urgent restoration work and mine clearance [113] in areas that had been under the control of militants for more than two years. Al-Barrazi said that “the success of the conciliatory initiative in Homs will give impetus to the process of national accord across Syria in the run-up to the presidential elections scheduled for June 3” [114] .
On May 9, hundreds of civilians entered the Homs districts to see what was left of their homes [115] . At the same time, the city includes government troops [116] .
Trophies, weapons supplies and military assistance
- In early February 2012, Syrian news agencies reported that government security forces in Homs had captured American and Israeli-made sniper rifles from gunmen, hand grenades, explosives, anti-tank grenades , mortar mines and Israeli-made Lau missiles [117] .
- at the end of February 2012, after the Syrian army regained control over Homs, among the trophies of government forces were anti-tank grenade launchers and their ammunition, cameras for tracking and fire control systems, as well as one UAV discovered in a military factory in Bab Amr quarter [118]
- at the end of December 2012, the Syrian army reported that a field hospital and an ammunition depot with six RPG grenade launchers were captured in Homs; 7 grenades; 5 bombs; 43 mortar mines; 120 pcs. 14.5 mm cartridges; 465 pcs. ammunition 12.7 × 108 mm; 1085 pieces 7.62 × 54 mm ammunition and communication equipment [119] .
International response
Representatives of the Syrian Interior Ministry made a statement that the militants are fueling the conflict and are guilty of "committing serious crimes that killed hundreds of civilians, seizing homes, kidnapping and robbery." The ministry’s statement explained that “the competent authorities were as restrained as possible and gave the terrorists a number of opportunities to return to the path of correction ... but they refused to take this step and continued the terror at the suggestion of other countries ... All this pushed the authorities to intervene in the situation and restore order and security in Homs " [120] .
A number of foreign media outlets, as well as the press services of the governments of Turkey and France, called the operation a “massacre” [121] [122] .
In response to the shelling of Homs on March 4, 2012, demonstrators attacked the Syrian embassies in Athens, Berlin, Cairo, Kuwait and London [123] . The Arab League submitted to the UN Security Council a resolution to resolve the conflict in Syria, Russia and China vetoed the document [124] .
On April 19, 2012, on the eve of a meeting of foreign ministers of 14 countries in Europe, the Middle East and the United States, whose goal was to develop measures to increase pressure and tighten sanctions against the Syrian government, French President Nicolas Sarkozy accused Syrian President Bashar Assad of trying to "erase Homs from the face of the earth ", comparing the operation with the attacks of the Libyan government on the city of Benghazi [125] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Retreat from Homs - Assad conquers cradle of revolution
- ↑ 1 2 3 Syrian army took control of the old city of Homs
- ↑ The SSNP 'Hurricane' in the Syrian Conflict: Syria and South Lebanon Are the Same Battlefield (not available link) . Al Akhbar English . The date of circulation is October 25, 2014. Archived September 27, 2016.
- ↑ Iranian officers led Syrian regime militias in defeated: defected general Archival copy dated October 25, 2014 on the Wayback Machine // Al Arabiya, 13.08.2012
- ↑ By All Means Necessary! Human Rights Watch (December 16, 2011). The appeal date is February 6, 2012. Archived February 4, 2013.
- ↑ Eur-Lex - - En . Official Journal of the European Union (24 January 2012). The appeal date is February 6, 2012. Archived February 4, 2013.
- Opposition: elite troops of Assad storming Homs, but we have something to meet them
- ↑ 1 2 Michael Weiss. The Fall of Homs . Foreign Policy (March 1, 2012). The date of circulation is March 2, 2012. Archived on February 4, 2013.
- ↑ Thousands of government army entered Homs
- ↑ Syrian government forces stormed Homs // February 29, 2012
- Б. The troops of B. Assad in Syria took control of the city of Homs // RBC . - Damascus, December 30, 2012 .
- ↑ Government forces in Syria regained control of Homs // View . - December 30, 2012 .
- ↑ Syrian troops sweep the old quarters of Homs (Tested July 4, 2013)
- ООН UN Secretary General: Syrian authorities must stop bombing Homs (Tested July 4, 2013)
- ↑ Two Syrian generals with their families cut into pieces // MIGnews.com from April 21, 2011
- ↑ In some parts of Syria, protests broke out // Xinhua on May 7, 2011
- Syrian troops continue operations in the city of Homs // Radio Liberty, July 22, 2011
- ↑ Explosions thundered in a military school in Syrian Homs, the number of victims is unknown // Xinhua on July 23, 2011
- ↑ Urgent: The train overturned in Syria as a result of the attack, its driver died // Xinhua July 23, 2011
- ↑ In Syria, a terrorist attack was committed against a train carrying fuel // Xinhua January 15, 2012
- Syrian troops storming the rebel Homs // "News" from September 10, 2011
- ↑ More than 20 people died in clashes in Syria - human rights defenders // RIA Novosti of October 18, 2011
- ↑ The battles of the Syrian army with the opposition military claimed the lives of 20 soldiers // RIA Novosti on October 30, 2011
- ↑ Syrian authorities sent troops to Homs
- ↑ . Clashes occur in Syria, two policemen were killed // RIA Novosti on November 11, 2011
- Syria // “Foreign Military Review”, № 1 (778), 2012. p. 101
- ↑ Syrian Homs stormed armored vehicles December 14, 2011
- ↑ Eyewitnesses: Tanks bombarded Homs, killing 16 people // Rosbalt of December 25, 2011
- ↑ Tanks fire residential areas of the Syrian Homs
- ↑ In the Syrian city of Homs, gunmen attacked a demonstration. There are dead, among them the journalist France 2 // NEWSRU.COM from January 11, 2012
- ↑ French journalist Gilles Jacquier was killed in Syria in January due to a shell bombs fired by insurgents // ITAR-TASS, July 18, 2012
- ↑ Bus was attacked in Syria, 11 people were killed // Xinhua on January 23, 2012
- ↑ Yu.B. Shcheglovin. Syria: new trends in the opposition of the authorities and the opposition // Institute of the Middle East . - March 12, 2012 .
- Syrian troops storming the strongholds of the rebels in Homs, the presidential election in Egypt will be held in May // ITAR-TASS on March 1, 2012
- Hu "Hundreds of casuals in Syria's Homs" in Alasa (4 October 2011). The appeal date is February 6, 2012.
- ↑ Julian Borger and Mona Mahmood. Syrian troops bombard sealed-off suburb of Homs Neopr . The Guardian (9 February 2012). The date of circulation is January 26, 2013. Archived on February 4, 2013.
- ↑ City of Homs becomes focus of Syria's uprising , CBS News (11 February 2012).
- ↑ UN Security Council CN CNN (4 February 2012). The appeal date is February 6, 2012.
- ↑ Paul Wood. Homs: shelling during the day, funeral at night // BBC Russian Service February 7, 2012
- Сотни Hundreds of people became victims of shelling in Homs // LENTA.RU, February 4, 2012
- ↑ During the night, 47 people were killed in the shells of Homs // LENTA.RU, February 8, 2012
- ↑ Syrian government denied involvement in the Homs massacre // Lenta.Ru . - February 4, 2012.
- ↑ Syria denies massacre of 200 in Homs Neopr . CBS News (February 1, 2012). The appeal date is February 6, 2012. Archived February 4, 2013.
- ↑ Syria // “Foreign Military Review”, No. 3 (780), 2012. p. 103
- ↑ Terrorists attacked a refinery in the Syrian province of Homs // Xinhua on February 9, 2012
- ↑ Terrorists blew up several buildings in Syrian Homs // RIA Novosti news agency of February 10, 2011
- ↑ Urgently: A group of militants blew up an oil pipeline in the Syrian province of Homs // "Xinhua" dated February 15, 2012
- ↑ A huge fire started in Homs // LENTA.RU dated February 15, 2012
- ↑ Terrorists blew up a gas pipeline in the Syrian city of Homs // RIA Novosti February 17, 2012
- ↑ Militants in the Syrian city of Homs shelled fuel depots // RIA Novosti February 18, 2012
- ↑ Homs renewed shelling // LENTA.RU dated February 21, 2012
- ↑ The dead Western reporters did not have permission to engage in journalistic activities - the Syrian authorities // "Xinhua" dated February 23, 2012
- ↑ Ten French scouts captured by the Syrian army in Homs // ZMAN.com
- The Syrian army entered the “revolutionary capital” Homs and caught the French military there // NEWSRU.COM from March 1, 2012
- ↑ Henry Samuel, Amy Willis. Thirteen French officers 'captured by Syrian Army' // “The Guardian” of March 5, 2012
- ↑ Syrian army detained 13 French military in Homs - Daily Star // RIA Novosti on March 5, 2013
- ↑ The Red Cross began the evacuation of victims from the Syrian Homs // RIA Novosti of February 25, 2012
- ↑ The Red Cross has suspended the evacuation of the wounded from the Syrian city of Homs // RIA Novosti, February 26, 2012
- ↑ Syrian government forces took control of Bab Amr district of Homs province // Xinhua, March 2, 2012
- Up A Number of Terrorists Give Themselves Up to Authorities at Baba Amro in Homs Unreferenced (not available link) . Syrian Arab News Agency (February 26, 2012). The appeal date is April 20, 2012. Archived February 28, 2012.
- ↑ The Syrian army began a new shelling of Homs // LENTA.RU from February 27, 2012
- ↑ 1 2 3 Syria: Chronicle of Events // Foreign Military Review, No. 4 (781), 2012. pp. 101-102
- ↑ Assad troops are preparing to capture the city of Homs // MIGNEWS.COM
- ↑ 1 2 Syrian army launched an attack on Homs // Lenta.Ru . - February 29, 2012 .
- ↑ Oliver Tree. Syria Forces Threaten to 'Clean' Rebel City; Assad Branded War Criminal . International Business Times (29 February 2012). The appeal date is April 20, 2012. Archived February 4, 2013.
- Rian Syrian troops move to retake Homs district Baba Amr . The Telegraph (29 February 2012). The appeal date is April 20, 2012. Archived February 4, 2013.
- ↑ The Syrian army fully took control of the Bab Amr quarter in Homs
- ↑ Fresh diplomatic efforts target Syria . CNN (29 February 2012). The appeal date is April 20, 2012. Archived February 4, 2013.
- ↑ Homs surrounded seven thousand Syrian soldiers // LENTA.RU of March 1, 2012
- ↑ Syrian rebels knocked out of the "citadel of resistance" // LENTA.RU of March 1, 2012
- 600 In the city of Homs, 600 militants and 118 mercenaries surrendered // ITAR-TASS on March 2, 2012
- ↑ “ On March 4, government forces in Syria carried out a large-scale military operation in the region of Homs, bordering Lebanon, as a result of which many Syrian militants retreated into Lebanon. "
Lebanon will not provide shelter to Syrian militants - Foreign Minister of Lebanon Archival copy of October 29, 2013 on the Wayback Machine // Xinhua on March 8, 2012 - ↑ Vladimir Snegiryov. Homs on fire // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Federal Issue No. 5717 (44) of March 1, 2013
- ↑ A convoy of trucks with humanitarian aid from the Red Cross arrived in the Syrian city of Homs // ITAR-TASS on March 2, 2012
- ↑ In the Syrian Homs fierce battles take place // “News. RU ”dated March 10, 2012
- ↑ In the center of the Syrian Homs battles take place // “News. RU ”dated March 26, 2012
- ↑ President Al-Asad visited the city of Homs // SANA on March 27, 2012
- ↑ A cease-fire comes into force in Syria, in Damascus they are ready to accept UN peacekeepers // ITAR-TASS on April 12, 2012
- ↑ Terrorists committed armed raids in Aleppo and Homs, there are dead and wounded // ITAR-TASS on April 14, 2012
- ↑ Syria: Chronicle of Events // Foreign Military Review, No. 5 (782), 2012. p. 106-107
- ↑ Syria: Chronicle of Events // Foreign Military Review, No. 6 (783), 2013. pp 106-107
- ↑ UN observers visited the Syrian city of Homs // ITAR-TASS on April 21, 2012
- ↑ Syria: Chronicle of Events // Foreign Military Review, No. 6 (783), 2012. p. 106-107
- ↑ The head of the UN mission in Syria made a trip to Homs and Ham // ITAR-TASS on May 2, 2012
- ↑ The crew of "Russia 24" came under fire in Syria (Verified May 3, 2012)
- ↑ Syria: Chronicle of Events // Foreign Military Review, No. 7 (784), 2012. p.100-101
- ↑ The Red Cross agreed on a truce in Homs // BBC Russian Service June 20, 2012
- ↑ Militants impede evacuation of civilians from Homs - Syrian government "Xinhua" from June 19, 2012
- ↑ 1 2 Syria: Chronicle of Events // Foreign Military Review, No. 9 (786), 2012. pp. 101-104
- ↑ Syrian extremists killed five residents of a Christian village near Homs // ITAR-TASS on September 5, 2012
- ↑ Syria: Chronicle of Events // Foreign Military Review, No. 10 (787), 2012. p. 99-103
- Syrian troops control most of the province of Homs, in the center of Aleppo there are battles with rebels // ITAR-TASS from October 10, 2012
- ↑ Syria: Chronicle of Events // Foreign Military Review, No. 12 (789), 2012. p.91-96
- ↑ On the outskirts of Damascus, there are battles between Syrian troops and rebels // ITAR-TASS on November 9, 2012
- ↑ At least 15 people were victims of an explosion in the Syrian city of Homs // ITAR-TASS of December 2, 2012
- ↑ Five people were killed in the Syrian Homs as a result of the shelling of the Armenian quarter // ITAR-TASS of December 11, 2012
- ↑ Syrian troops destroyed the al-Qaida camp in Deir ez-Zor // ITAR-TASS on December 29, 2012
- “ Syrian government army announced the destruction of several dozen foreign militants on December 29 in Homs ”
China is deeply concerned about the ongoing violent conflict in Syria // Xinhua News Agency of December 31, 2012 - ↑ Government forces took the city of Homs in Syria // Arguments and Facts . - Moscow, December 30, 2012.
- ↑ Syria: Chronicle of Events // Foreign Military Review, No. 2 (791), 2013. pp. 101-104
- ↑ Syria: Chronicle of Events // “Foreign Military Review”, No. 3 (792), 2013. pp. 101-102
- ↑ 35 people died as a result of attacks on a military establishment in the central part of Syria // Xinhua news agency from February 7, 2013
- ↑ The explosion thundered in the Syrian Homs, there are victims // RIA Novosti from February 28, 2013
- ↑ A mined car blown up in Syrian Homs, there are victims // Xinhua March 22, 2013
- ↑ “Balance” of LAG // “Red Star” of March 27, 2013
- ↑ Armed Forces carry out special operations against terrorists, seize weapons // “SANA” dated April 8, 2013
- ↑ In the suburb of Syrian Hama, an explosion thundered, there are dead (Checked July 2, 2013)
- ↑ The crew of the All-Russian State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company visited Homs an hour before the attack (checked July 13, 2013)
- ↑ Rebels evacuation completed in Homs - BBC Russian - Newsline
- ↑ BBC Russian - Syria: Rebels Are Evacuated from Homs Old Town
- ↑ Lenta.ru: World: Politics: Bashar Assad's troops occupied the city of Homs
- ↑ ITAR-TASS: International Panorama - 980 people left the Syrian city of Homs
- ↑ Syria's army took control of the old city of Homs - BBC English - In the world
- ↑ ITAR-TASS: International Panorama - 700 people were evacuated from the ancient quarters of Homs
- ↑ Civilians returned to Homs Old Town - BBC Russian - Newsline
- ↑ ITAR-TASS: International Panorama - The last militants of the Syrian opposition left Homs
- ↑ Syria. American and Israeli weapons captured in Homs // MIGnews.com. - February 9, 2012 .
- ↑ A reconnaissance aircraft, possibly made in Israel, was found in Homs // RIA Novosti dated March 6, 2012
- ↑ Syria: Armed Forces arrest terrorists in Homs, seize their weapons (December 31, 2012)
- ↑ Interior Ministry: Terrorist groups in Homs escalated aggressions against citizens (unavailable (inaccessible link) . Champress.net. The date of circulation is March 2, 2012. Archived February 10, 2012.
- : No: 37, 4 February 2012, Press Release Regarding Latest Atta Again Again Again Again Again (Not available link) . Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (4 February 2012). The appeal date is February 5, 2012. Archived February 4, 2013.
- ↑ Neil MacFarquhar and Anthony Shadid . Russia and China Block on Syria , New York Times (5 February 2012).
- "Protesters stormed Syrian embassies in Athens, Berlin, Cairo, Kuwait and London"
Syria mourns "horrific massacre" in Homs , DAWN (4 February 2012). The appeal date is February 5, 2012. - ↑ Syria crisis: Russia, China veto UN resolution , Hindustan Times (4 February 2012). The appeal date is February 5, 2012.
- ↑ “Bashar Asad is lying. He wants to wipe out Homs from the face of the earth just as he wanted to destroy Benghazi Muammar Gaddafi "
Sarkozy accused Assad of wanting to erase the city of Homs from the face of the earth // Interfax-Azerbaijan . - April 19, 2012 .