Scalaria ( lat. Pterophyllum ) is a genus of fish of the family Cichlidae ( Cichlidae ). They are one of the most popular and most widespread aquarium fish. The Latin name comes from the Greek. πτερος - “wing”, and Greek. φυλλον - “leaf”.
| Angelfish | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Pterophyllum Heckel , 1840 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Content
Habitat in nature
Angelfish live in the basins of the Amazon , Orinoco and Essekibo rivers located in South America . They prefer bodies of water and rivers with a slow course and dense vegetation.
Views
The genus includes three species [1] :
- Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin , 1903 . The largest species of the genus.
- Pterophyllum leopoldi ( JP Gosse , 1963)
- Pterophyllum scalare ( Schultze , 1823)
Description
The body is roundish, laterally compressed, disc-shaped, more tall than long. The ventral fins are elongated in the filament; the dorsal and anal fins are elongated, large in size. Caudal and pectoral fins are pointed at the end. Thanks to the elongated dorsal and anal fins, the body takes on a crescent-like shape. Body length up to 15 cm, height - up to 25 cm. The main body color varies greatly: various shades from greenish-gray to olive in color with a silver tint. Small scales. Sexual differences in scalars are poorly expressed. Males differ from females in a denser body and a convex forehead.
Biology
Life expectancy in the aquarium is about 10 years; cases of longer life expectancy are known. Puberty occurs at about ten months of age. Fishes form serially monogamous pairs [2] . Females lay 300-700 eggs on plant leaves or shelters. Caviar development time lasts about 3 days. Fish take care of eggs, often transfer their eggs to other areas, remove dead eggs. When fry emerge from the eggs, parents can hide them in shelters at night, in the role of which a place for spawning can be used. The larval stage of juvenile angelfish lasts 6-8 days, after which the fry are able to swim freely.
Captivity
Angelfish are one of the most popular and most widespread aquarium fish. For captivity, a fairly high (at least 50 cm) aquarium with large-leaved plants is required. Angelfish usually contain in groups. Recommended containment conditions: temperature range +24 - +28 ° С, water hardness 1–15 °, pH 6 - 7.4. Live feed.
Captive breeding
According to M.N. Ilyin, ordinary scalars were first brought to Europe in 1909. For the first time, they successfully began to breed in captivity in the early 1920s, and in Russia in 1928. In the late 1940s, they began to be bred in mass quantities.
Angelfish
Smoky Veil Scalaria
Golden Mother of Pearl Angelfish
Golden Angelfish
Notes
- ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013). Species of Pterophyllum in FishBase
- ↑ Maria do Socorro RF Cacho, Sathyabama Chellappa, Maria Emília Yamamoto. Reproductive success and female preference in the amazonian cichlid angel fish, Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein, 1823) // Neotropical Ichthyology. - T. 4 , no. 1 . - S. 87–91 . - ISSN 1679-6225 . - DOI : 10.1590 / S1679-62252006000100009 .
Literature
- Encyclopedia. Aquarium: Fish, plants, equipment. - AST, 2002 - ISBN 5-17-012890-8 .
- Gina Sandford Aquarium. Care Guide. - AST, Astrel, 2006 - ISBN 5-17-038881-0 , 5-271-14738-X, 1-4053-0011-6.
- E. Pyltsyna. Aquarium from A to Z. - Vladis, 2002. - ISBN 5-94194-127-7 .
- S.V. Gerd. Aquarium at school. - GUPI Min. Clearance RSFSR, 1953
- M.A. Peshkov. Indoor aquarium. - Alma-Ata: Kaynar, 1965
- M.N. Ilyin. Aquarium fish farming. - M .: Publishing House Moscow State University, 1968
- M. Birk, N. Goldstein. Life in the aquarium. - Riga: Zweigzne, 1979