Scientific and technical progress

Modern rocket at the Baikonur Cosmodrome

Chinese rocket in the old days

Scientific and technological progress (STP) is the progressive movement of science and technology , the evolutionary development of all elements of the productive forces of social production on the basis of wide knowledge and development of the external forces of nature ; it is an objective, constantly operating pattern of development of material production , the result of which is the consistent improvement of technology , technology and organization of production , increasing their efficiency. As well as the introduction of new equipment and technologies in the economy.

However, it is known ^{[to whom?} ^] that 60-70% of all scientific developments in production are never introduced at all. That is, the research process covers a much larger amount of knowledge than the part that is the output of scientific and technological progress into practice.

Content

1 Scientific and technological progress and its role in the development of production
2 Stages Prior to NTP
3 Types
4 Social consequences of NTP
5 Factors of material production
6 See also
7 Link

Scientific and technological progress and its role in the development of production

The gradual development of social production, its continuous improvement are fundamental laws of the economic life of mankind. They are based on the progress of science and technology. Such a process is often called economic progress. However, this is not a completely correct point of view. Economic progress is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, the assessment of which involves the use of various criteria and a system of indicators with which you can assess the state of development of productive forces and production relations, and ultimately the social mode of production as a whole. One of such criteria for economic progress is the level of development of science and technology. It is a concentrated expression of only the organizational and economic relations that are inherent in all eras of the development of society.

Stages Prior to NTP

Scientific and technological progress over the millennia of human civilization has passed a complex and contradictory path of development. This was due to the fact that it was the technical progress that was carried out at the first stages of the development of society that was carried out separately from scientific progress until the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. And only during the period of the industrial revolution began a rapid rapprochement of scientific and technological progress and a holistic scientific and technological progress (STP) arose. Since that time, the process of turning science into a direct productive force began, which lasted about a century and a half and ended in the mid-50s of the 20th century. the deployment of the scientific and technological revolution .

Views

Scientific and technological progress is carried out in two forms: evolutionary and revolutionary.

The evolutionary form of scientific and technological progress takes place when the technique and technology used in production is improved on the basis of already known scientific knowledge. An example of this form of scientific and technical progress is the development and improvement of the energy of steam, electricity or atom, etc.
The revolutionary form of scientific and technical progress means the transition to engineering and technology, built on fundamentally new scientific ideas. An example of this form is the transition from manual tools to machine tools, the replacement of steam energy in electric or atomic, the use of laser and other modern technologies.

The invention and introduction of fundamentally new scientific and technical developments into production lead to significant changes in the labor process, provide for the expansion of the productive capabilities of mankind. Therefore, in this case we are talking about a scientific and technological revolution. The scientific and technological revolution is a quantum leap in the development of the productive forces of society based on fundamental shifts in scientific knowledge. Such upheavals in science, technology and production occur regularly. The last of them began in the mid 50-ies of XX century. When the first computer was created, a person began to use the energy of the atomic nucleus and engage in genetic engineering.

NTR has developed all the elements of the productive forces. For example, changes in the objects of labor find expression in the use of new synthetic materials with special properties ( plastics , semiconductors , artificial diamonds , etc.). The transformation in the means of labor is associated with the advent of automated and computer technology , which significantly expands the production capabilities of industrial production personnel, significantly increases their labor productivity , and increases the profitability of production .

Social Implications of NTP

Scientific and technical progress also causes changes in the nature of labor, the forms of interconnections of production participants change, the processes of exchange of labor results are improved. The scientific and technological revolution has opened up new ways and methods of managing high-performance diversified technological systems (telecommunication networks, high-speed systems for monitoring and processing information , etc.). All these and other processes require significant changes in the living and working conditions of a person, the development of more complex professions is possible only for people with a sufficient educational, professional (economic) and cultural level.

Factors of material production

Factors of material production are productive forces that ensure the transformation of natural substances in accordance with the needs of people, create material and spiritual benefits and determine the growth of productivity of social labor .