Gelperin, Nison Ilyich

Early years

Born on January 8 ( January 21 ), 1903, in the town of Smolevichi (now Minsk Region , Belarus ). Elder brother I.I. Gelperin . He graduated from a real school in Minsk .

Higher Education

In 1921, he entered the mechanical faculty of the Moscow Art Institute named after D.I. Mendeleev . He graduated from the institute in 1925 with a degree in industrial technology in machinery and equipment of the chemical industry. In parallel with studying at the Moscow Art Institute, he studied at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow State University Lomonosov .

Labor

He began his career in 1925 as a laboratory assistant at the Moscow Art Institute named after Mendeleev. In 1927 he began working in the design department of ANILTREST. Since 1928 he is a senior engineer , and since 1930 he has been the chief engineer of HIMSTROY, a consultant and one of the closest assistants to the people's commissar of heavy engineering G.K. Ordzhonikidze . In the first half of the 30s, N. I. Gelperin was actively involved in the development of new designs of machines and apparatuses, their commissioning and commissioning at Aktobe , Bereznikovsky , Bobrikovsky (since 1961 - Novomoskovsky ), Voskresensky , Gorlovsky , Dorogomilovsky , Konstantinovsky , Perm , Chernorechensky , Shchigrovsky chemical plants. So, in 1933, he was chairman of the start-up commission of the Bobrikovsky nitrogen-fertilizer plant (now Novomoskovsk chemical plant ).

In 1931 he became the first director of the NIIKHIMMASH created on his initiative and with his active participation. At the end of the 1940s, it was in this institute that N.A. Dollezhal designed the first Soviet industrial nuclear reactor .

In the prewar period, along with the engineering and organizational activities of N.I. Gelperin was engaged in pedagogical work. For several years he taught at the Moscow Art Theater named after D.I. Mendeleev , gave lectures at the LPI named after M.I. Kalinin . In 1931, for his merits in the scientific and pedagogical activity of N.I. Gelperin was awarded the title of professor .

N.I. Gelperin together with his younger brother I.I. Gelperin stood at the foundations of the cryogenic engineering of the USSR . In 1932-1938, with the participation of N.I. Gelperin created the first industrial plants in our country for the production of oxygen and argon .

In 1936, N.I. Gelperin - technical director of the SOYUZAZOT trust, and from next year - chief engineer of the GLAVAZOT NKTP USSR .

In 1939, for his successes in science and engineering, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences (without defending a dissertation ).

During the Great Patriotic War

N.I. Gelperin actively worked on the creation of effective weapons. Since August 15, 1937, he heads the Special Structures Bureau No. 35 (KB-35) NKOP , (since June 1939 - NKB ), created to design, monitor the manufacture of the industrial unit of the GB-1 automatic equipment machine designed by N.I. Gelperin and V.T. Balashov and its introduction into production at the Leningrad State Plant No. 5 "Krasnoznamenets" . In 1939-1944, bombs with a new surrogate explosive, high-power bombs, reinforced concrete bombs (a series of high-explosive bombs in thin-walled reinforced concrete blocks FAB-100NG, FAB-250NG, FAB-500NG, FAB-1000NG) were created in the design bureau ^[1] .

In 1942, Professor Nison Ilyich Gelperin was instructed to create a five-ton bomb as soon as possible. The length of the FAB-5000NG bomb (NG - Neeson Gelperin) was 5.2 meters, its diameter was 1 meter. Even the casement bombs of a heavy four-engine bomber Pe-8 design OKB A.N. Tupolev , the only machine that could transport the bomb, did not close completely. On April 28, 1943, the first serial bombs were dropped on the coastal fortifications of Koenigsberg ^[2] . This bomb remained the most powerful in the world until the advent of the atomic bomb. She terrified the fascists. Hitler threatened to use chemical weapons in response.

With his colossal employment, even in difficult wartime N.I. Gelperin devoted much effort to training qualified specialists for the chemical industry of the USSR. From November 1942 until the retirement (in 1987 ) N.I. Gelperin headed the department “Processes and Apparatuses of Chemical Technology” at the Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology named after MV Lomonosov . Now this department is named after N.I. Gelperin ^[3] .

Post-war period

From mid- 1945 to June 1946 N.I. Gelperin, being the head of the department of the First Main Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR , participated in the organization of heavy water production. In 1945-1950, with the participation of N.I. Gelperin for the first time in the country has mastered the industrial production of antibiotics ( penicillin ). Technological developments N.I. Gelperin was repeatedly exhibited at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR and was awarded with Gold and other medals. On the original ways of implementing the processes of technology and devices for their implementation Gelperin and the teams headed by him received over 120 copyright certificates and foreign patents ; a number of these inventions have been implemented abroad by the Licensor.

N.I. Gelperin belongs to that generation of Soviet scientists whose activities were not widely covered. Nevertheless, the fruits of his work society still lives. He made an outstanding contribution to the development of chemical-technological processes, to the creation and development of the chemical industry of the USSR, to the organization and formation of higher chemical education in the country. The Council of Ministers of the USSR and the USSR Ministry of Art Gelperin expertise of major Soviet and foreign projects.

According to the results of research N.I. Gelperin published (partially - in collaboration with students) 880 scientific papers (including 25 monographs and textbooks), made more than 250 reports at scientific conferences in the USSR and abroad. N.I. Gelperin prepared more than 130 candidates and 12 doctors of sciences. He continued to work until the last days of his life, honestly and wholeheartedly serving science and society.

He died on April 18, 1989 . He was buried in Moscow at the Vostryakovsky cemetery .

People who knew Nison Ilyich characterized him as a resourceful and firm person. He was a straightforward man, courageous, sometimes tough, but sympathetic. These qualities are especially visible in the so-called. “Oxygen conflict” with P.L. Kapitsa .

It is known that academician P.L. Kapitsa invented in the late 1930s an air liquefaction plant based on the principle of turboexpander . Instead of piston machines operating at high pressures of about 200 atm, a turbine machine was proposed that operated at pressures of about 4 atm. Steam turbines have been known for a long time, in them steam was launched along the axis, while in Kapitsa gas was launched along the radius of the turbine, which for the first time allowed the use of the Coriolis force . Laboratory results were very good: the efficiency of the installation reached 0.7-0.8. “It is about 3 times cheaper than the equivalent installation of previous systems. Due to the lack of high pressures, its operation is simpler, safer and more economical, ”wrote V. Kapitsa. Molotov April 20, 1938 .

The commission examined in detail the technical and economic essence of Kapitsa’s invention in order to decide whether it was technically possible (everything was in order with science) and whether it was profitable to re-equip our industry by replacing existing piston units with turbo expanders. The conclusion was negative. The manufacture of turbo-expanders for industry required materials that were then lacking in the country, it was unrealistic to withstand the required tolerances and planting of machine components, the rotor could not withstand high revolutions, more than 20 thousand per minute, could not make it more massive and thus more durable, because with an increase in the number revolutions arose resonances that instantly destroyed the rotor. The efficiency of the cycle of a working machine did not reach 0.8 - a value at which the cycle efficiency would become noticeably higher than that of existing machines.

The principle of the Kapitsa machine was ahead of its time. In physical terms, in the laboratory version it was possible to make a wonderful machine. In engineering terms, it was too early to put it on stream. Serial machines made for oxygen production would break down all the time, and then, in the 1940s, would not give performance advantages over old machines. Kapitsa's project was rejected. As Kapitsa did not agree with this decision, his request for resignation was granted by I.V. Stalin . Opponents of Kapitsa were led by Glavkislorod; his panel included, in particular, N.I. Gelperin, S.Ya. Gersh and I.P. Usyukin . In response to this P.L. Kapitsa wrote a complaint addressed to I.V. Stalin , in which it was written that N.I. Gelperin belonged to people who "love to fish in troubled waters."

According to the recollections of the son of Nison Ilyich Heinrich Nisonovich Gelperin: “Father said that Kapitsa wrote many complaints to Stalin and other Soviet leaders, and a number of people suffered from this. Father himself, most definitely, did not write a single complaint about Kapitsa. He told me that Kapitsa is a good physicist , but as an engineer he was wrong in 1946. "

He was repeatedly awarded for scientific, design, engineering activities, thanks were declared to him. His work was personally noted at the XVII Congress of the CPSU (B.) .

• Stalin Prize of the second degree (1950) - for the development and implementation in industry of a method for producing a medicinal product ( penicillin )
• Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR ( 1963 )
• two orders of Lenin (1942 - for the creation of new ammunition, 1973 - for services to the development of chemical science and industry, training of engineering personnel and in connection with the 70th anniversary)
• Order of the Red Banner of Labor ( 1934 - for the construction and commissioning of the Bobrikovsky nitrogen plant
• Order of the Red Star ( 1943 ) - for the creation of new ammunition
• Order of the Badge of Honor (1950)
• Medal "For the Defense of Moscow" ( 1945 )
• Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" (1945)
• medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" ( 1947 )

• Neeson Gelperin's bomb
• Brothers N.I. and I.I. Gelperins in solving the problem of heavy water production
• The Saga of the Gelperins. An article about outstanding scientists Nison and Joseph Gelperin
• N.I. Gelperin vs P.L. Kapitsa: oxygen conflict

• R.R. Beagles . Essays on the history of Moscow Art Theater. - Moscow: Publishing and Printing Center of Moscow Institute of Fine Arts M.V. Lomonosov, 2010 .-- 171 p. - ISBN 978-5-904742-02-7 .
• Moscow Academy of Fine Chemical Technology. Golden pages of the Moscow Art Theater. - Moscow: Publishing House "Gubernsky", 2010. - 148 p. - ISBN 978-5-98266-067-1 .
• Shirokorad A. B. The History of Aircraft Arms - Minsk: Harvest, 1999