Thousandsheads ( Latin Vaccária ) are a monotypic genus of annual herbaceous plants of the family Carnation ( Caryophyllaceae ).
The only species - Vaccaria hispanica ( Mill. ) Rauschert - Spanish Thousandsmen.
| Thousands of | |||||||||||||||||||||||
 Thousands of spanish. Botanical illustration from the book of O. V. Tome Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz , 1885 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| International Scientific Name | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Vaccaria Wolf , 1776 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Typical view | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Vaccaria pyramidata Medik. , 1789, nom. nov. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Single species | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Vaccaria hispanica ( Mill. ) Rauschert , 1965 - Spanish Thousandsmen | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Content
Title
The synonymy of the species includes a large number of names, among them:
- Vaccaria pyramidata Medik. - Thousands pyramidal
- Vaccaria segetalis (Neck.) Garcke in Aschers - Thousands of Sowing
Botanical description
Thousands of Spanish annual herb . The root is thin, branched. Stem , straight, smooth, strongly branched at the top 20 - 60 cm tall, covered with solid, opposite, bluish-green leaves , usually with three veins.
The lower stem leaves are 3-6 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, lanceolate, pointed at the apex, basalis narrowed at base. The middle and upper stem leaves are 2–3 cm long, 0.3–3 cm wide, lanceolate, broadly lanceolate or ovate, sessile, stem-rich.
Inflorescence is dichasian- tomelicous, friable, with long pedicels (up to 6 cm long). Bracts 2–3 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide, lanceolate, grassy, with a white-edged border. The calyx at the beginning of flowering is 1-1.2 cm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, cylindrical with five green winged outgrowths along the ribs, with fruits strongly swollen, egg-shaped or broadly ovate. Teeth calyx 1.5-2 mm long, triangular, with a white-edged border, pointed.
Petals 15-18 mm long, purple-pink, rarely white. The limb of the petal is 5-10 mm long, one-piece or notched toothed. Marigold petal 7-9 mm, almost linear or reverse-clinoid. Ten stamens , two columns .
The fruit is a multi-seeded box 8–9 mm long and 5–6 mm wide, ovoid, at the base of a two-jacketed, opened with four cloves. Seeds about 2 mm in diameter, spherical, finely dull, dark brown.
In average Russia it blooms in June-July, bears fruit in July-August [2] .
Distribution and habitat
The area of the genus covers Europe , the Mediterranean , the Balkan-Maloaziysky region, the Armenian-Kurdish region, the Caucasus , Iran , Siberia , the Far East , the Indo-Himalayan region, Central Asia , Jurngaria - Kashgar , Mongolia , Japan , China [3] ; as an alien species - in North America , Australia , New Zealand , North Africa [2] .
In Russia, it is found in the middle lane and in the south of the European part, the southern regions of Siberia and the Far East [2] .
Economic value and application
Thousands of Spanish is a weed of spring crops , especially malignant in relation to the crops of flax and millet [2] , due to the simultaneous ripening of its seeds with the seeds of the latter, because of which it falls into the seed material.
Contains in different parts of the plant triterpene saponins [4] , including seeds - vakarosid [5] , vaksegozida B, C [6] [7] , flavonoids : isosaponarin [8] , vakarin [9] .
The poisonous plant , the saponins contained in it, are general cellular poison , causing hemorrhages and necrosis [10] .
In folk medicine , fresh juice is used to treat eczema [11] , as a painkiller for the treatment of tumors [4] and toothache, seeds in traditional Chinese medicine are part of ointments for the treatment of skin diseases, and are also used as milk-and painkiller [12 ] .
An ornamental plant, often cultivated [3] , a lot of ornamental varieties appeared with various colors of corolla: from pure white to dark purple.
Notes
- ↑ About the conditionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a higher taxon for the group of plants described in this article, see the section “APG Systems” of the article “Dicotyledons” .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Gubanov et al., 2003 , p. 178.
- ↑ 1 2 Lazkov, 2006 , p. 141.
- ↑ 1 2 Chetverikova L. S. Kirichenko V. I., Utkin L. M. Inspection of plants of the USSR flora for saponin content // Proceedings of the Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. - 1959. - Vol. 11 - p . 202-228 .
- ↑ Abubakirov N. K., Amanmuradov K. Triterpene glycoside vakarozid from a thousand head of sowing // Journal of General Chemistry. - 1964. - V. 34, № 5 . - p . 1661-1665 .
- ↑ Amanmuradov K., Abubakirov NK Glycosides of Vaccaria segetalis // Chemistry prir. connection .. - 1965, № 2. - p . 143 .
- Kondratenko, E.S., Putieva, Zh.M., Abubakirov, M.K. Triterpene glycosides of plants of the Caryophyllaceae family // Chemistry prir. Comm .. .. - 1981, № 4. - p . 417-433 .
- ↑ Litvinenko V.I., Amanmuradov K., Abubakirov N.K. Glycosides Vaccaria segetalis // Chemistry prir. connection .. - 1967, No. 3. - P. 159-164 .
- ↑ Baeva R. T., Karryev M. O., Litvinenko N. I., Abubakirov N. K. Glycosides Vaccaria segetalis // Chemistry prir. connection .. - 1974, № 2. - p . 171-176 .
- ↑ Baeva R. T., Tanyurcheva T. N. Glycosides of a thousand-headed crop // Actual problems of pharmaceutical science and practice. - Ashgabat, 1976. - p . 208-209 .
- ↑ Dadaeva O. Dictionary of Scientific and Local Plant Names of North Tajikistan. - Dushanbe, 1972. - 130 p.
- ↑ Ibragimov F.I., Ibragimova V.S. Essential drugs of Chinese medicine. - M. , 1976. - 411 p.
Literature
- Gorshkova S. G. Genus 497. Thousandsheads - Vaccaria // Flora of the USSR : in 30 t. / Ch. ed. V.L. Komarov . - M. L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1936. - Vol. 6 / ed. volume B. K. Shishkin . - S. 802—803. - 956, XXXVI p. - 5200 copies
- Gubanov, I.A., et al. 569. Vaccaria hispanica (Miller) Rauschert ( V. segetalis auct.) - Spanish Thousandshells / / Illustrated guide of plants in Central Russia. In 3 t . - M .: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, In-t technologist. Ex., 2003. - T. 2. Angiosperms (dicotyledons: otloplepestnye). - p. 178. - ISBN 9-87317-128-9 .
- Lazkov G. А. The family of cloves (Caryophyllaceae) in the flora of Kyrgyzstan. - M .: T-in scientific publications KMK, 2006. - P. 140-141. - 272 s. - 500 copies - ISBN 5-87317-319-2 . .
Links
- Thousands of Legends // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 add.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Thousandsheads - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- Vaccaria (English) . The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). The date of circulation is February 21, 2012. Archived May 25, 2012.
- Thousands of Spanish : information about the taxon in the Planterium project (a determinant of plants and an illustrated atlas of species). (Checked July 20, 2012)
- Thousands of Spanish : information in the database "Flora of Vascular Plants of Central Russia" of the Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences . (Checked July 20, 2012)