The National Republican Association - Party of Colorado ( Spanish Asociación Nacional Republicana - Partido Colorado ) is a Paraguayan right-wing political party , the country's largest and oldest political organization. Created on September 11, 1887 by representatives of republican - nationalist circles. Has been in power since its founding in 1887 - 1904 , 1948 - 2008 and since 2013 . From 1948 to 1962 rules in a one-party system. In the period 1954 - 1989 was the mainstay of the stronist dictatorship. After the restoration of democracy expresses the interests of the right of the liberal and conservative forces of Paraguayan society.
Party colorado | |
---|---|
Spanish Partido colorado | |
Leader | Mario Abdo Benitez ( President of Paraguay since 2018 ) Hercules Pedro Alyana Rodriguez (party president from 2015 ) |
Founder | |
Founding date | September 11, 1887 |
Headquarters | Asuncion , Paraguay |
Ideology | Paraguayan nationalism , republicanism , anti-communism , liberal conservatism (from the mid-1950s to the end of the 1980s - stronism ) |
International | International Democratic Union |
Number of members | 1 989 416 ( 2012 ) [1] |
Seats in the lower chamber | 42/80 ( 2018 ) |
Seats in the upper chamber | 17/45 ( 2018 ) |
Site | web.archive.org/web/2008 ... |
Club history
In 1870 , the Paraguay War ended . Paraguay suffered a heavy defeat. More than half of the population was exterminated, a significant part of the territory was lost, the country fell under occupation for several years and in fact became a vassal of Brazil. The Paraguayan economy was almost destroyed and the old political system was destroyed.
At the same time, the victorious states of the Tripartite Alliance - Brazil , Argentina , and Uruguay - even during the war officially recognized the right of the Paraguayan people to independently determine their future institutions and form of government. One of the results of the war was the fall of the dictatorship that existed under the rule of Gaspard Francia , Carlos and Francisco Lopez. Political structures independent of state power began to form.
The first form of post-war self-organization became political clubs. From 1869 , before the end of the war, the Club Unión Republicana was established in Asuncion - the United Republican Club , which in 1870 was transformed into Gran Club del Pueblo - the Great Folk Club [2] . It was founded by Candido Bareiro and Juan Bautista Gil , the future presidents of Paraguay . This organization united Paraguayan nationalists, participants of the war, known in his time as active supporters of Francisco Lopez. They sought to revive the national sovereignty of Paraguay, and in this sense emphasized the commitment to the traditions of Francia and Lopez. However, the restoration of dictatorship and isolationism was no longer a question. Sovereign Paraguay was supposed to be built on a different, republican and democratic basis.
Representatives of these circles from the mid-1870s stood at the head of the Paraguayan state. In 1880 - 1886 , General Bernardino Caballero , a war hero and a recognized leader of republican nationalists, was president of Paraguay. Under his rule, Paraguayan industry, transport, the public education system, and the country's international positions were partially restored.
1887. Party Creation
Basis and Principles
On August 25, 1887, a group of 95 war veterans and club movement activists gathered in the Asuncion’s house of General Caballero. Most of them served in the Paraguayan army of Lopez during the war, but several people were in the Paraguayan Legion , an armed formation of oppositionists who fought on the side of the Triple Alliance [3] . The political meeting lasted several days. On September 11, 1887 , the Minutes and the Meeting Manifesto were published.
The Protocol of September 11 announced the creation of the National Republican Association (Asociación Nacional Republicana, ANR) - “the party of citizens of patriotic thinking”. The ANR Board of Governors was represented from 20 people. The first president of ANR was Bernardino Caballero, vice-presidents - José Segundo Decaud (former foreign minister, a supporter of radical democratic reforms, fought against Lopez in the Paraguayan Legion during the war) and Ichine Uriarthe (formerly Paraguay’s president, who pursued a harsh repressive policy).
The Manifesto of the National Republican Association (its main compiler was Segundo Decaud) proclaimed the principles of national sovereignty, republican democracy , constitutional legal order, civil and political freedoms, public harmony and solidarity, creative labor in the name of progress and prosperity of Paraguay. A characteristic thesis was introduced into the text: for any society, peaceful evolutionary development is preferable - except in rare cases when a revolution can be justified [2] .
The doctrine of the National Republican Association is based on six principles [4] :
- Humanism - the philosophy of man as the highest value and priority of human dignity
- Nationalism - the patriotic defense and development of the traditions and cultural values of the Paraguayan people
- Democracy - Civil Rights, Political Freedoms, Equality and Democracy
- Tradition is a complex of spiritual values developed by the nation in the past, continued by the next generations in the present and future
- Progress - development of a person and a nation, improving civilization, optimistic vision of the future
- Idealism - the moral and ethical mobilization of creative forces of creation
ANR emblem was elected red banner with a white five-pointed star in the upper left corner. Red symbolism was associated with the European liberation movements, especially the Garibaldians - the "Red Shirts". This expressed the specific features of the Paraguayan right forces [5] . Members of the Association began to be called "red . " This led to the second name ANR - the Colorado Party (Partido Colorado, PC) , officially used on a par with the first since the 1930s.
Positions in Confrontation
Paraguayan national Republicans positioned themselves as conservatives . They were opposed by the liberals , who had established their Democratic center two months earlier. Soon he was transformed into a Liberal Party led by Antonio Taboada and Cecilio Baez . Paraguayan liberals have adopted blue as symbols. The struggle between the "red" and "blue" took hard form, reaching bloodshed [6] . But the programs of both parties did not differ much. Republic, Constitution, patriotism were the doctrinal foundations of the conservatives and liberals. Interestingly, in his youth, Taboad was friends with Cabelero [7] .
Liberals were more critical of the Francisco Lopez regime, while ANR was characterized by the cult of the Paraguayan state of the previous period. However, it was precisely among the founders of ANR that the former fighters of the Paraguay Legion were officially present, while Taboada categorically ruled out such an opportunity for his party. Liberals emphasized the principles of free enterprise more, but they sharply attacked the national Republicans when they pursued a market policy: for example, privatization of land owned by the government under Francia and Lopez was called the “sale of the motherland”. Liberals advocated the strengthening of economic ties with Britain , to which the conservatives were wary. However, the party of Taboada strongly condemned the national republican governments for obtaining British loans.
Inter-party confrontation was determined not so much by ideological conflicts, as by clan contradictions, personal accounts and cultural-mental incompatibility. National Republicans were prone to corporate spikes and harsh military-type discipline. Accordingly, they found a mass base among the military, civil servants, the traditionalist -minded peasantry and the hierarchically arranged shadow communities. Liberals relied on intellectuals, entrepreneurs, and European-oriented landowners [3] .
1887-1904. First Board
For a quarter of a century — from September 11, 1887, until his death on February 26, 1912 — Bernardino Caballero remained the president of the Colorado party. He also served as commander-in-chief of the Paraguayan army, and for several years served as minister of war.
During this time, thirteen presidents have changed in Paraguay. Seven of them - in 1887 - 1904 - belonged to the party of Colorado. National Republican governments tried to develop the Paraguayan industry and the transport and communication network using state dirigisme methods, develop the education system, stabilize finances, stimulate entrepreneurship, strengthen power structures, improve relations with Latin American countries, and attract European immigrants to Paraguay. Some progress has been made in these areas. However, in general, Paraguay (along with Bolivia ) remained one of the poorest countries in South America.
Constant problems were the territorial dispute with Bolivia over the Chaco region and the internal political instability that gave rise to regular insurrections and coups d’état.
In June 1894 , President Juan Gualberto González , who had the confidence of Caballero, was removed from power. In November of the same year with the support of Caballero Juan Bautista Eguskis . In 1902, Bernardino Caballero, Patricio Escobar and Juan Antonio Escurra coup d'état and ousted President Emilio Aseval . All of these conflicts occurred within ANR, between party and military groups.
The greatest successes in social and economic policy were achieved under the rule of President Juan Antonio Escurra in 1902-1904 . However, at the end of 1904, Eskurra was overthrown as a result of insurrection, supported by Congress . The board of the National Republican Association was interrupted, the Liberal Party came to power (the interim presidency of Pablo Peña was a brief episode).
1904-1947. Opposition Politics
Until the end of the 1940s, the ANR-Colorado party was in opposition. Leaders such as Pablo Peña, Antonín Irala , Juan O'Leary , Eduardo López Moreira , Arsenio López Decoud , Juan Leon Malorkin - famous diplomats and journalists - continued the course of Bernardino Caballero. An important direction was the historical policy : ANR actively rehabilitated the image and actions of Francisco Solano Lopez. The main opponent of the National Republicans was Benigno Ferreira . In the armed conflicts of 1911 and 1922 - 1923, the ANR supported supporters of Manuel Gondra .
Even in opposition, the National Republican Association remained influential in society and the state. Large party organizations were established everywhere, often controlling the situation in large regions, especially in the countryside. An important element of the social base and the political instrument of ANR was the party militia — the peasant militia of Py Nandi [8] . The party had large factions in Congress, numerous members and supporters in the state apparatus, the generals and officers, its representatives at times were part of the government. Ideologically, Colorado gradually evolved to the right, perceiving the ideas of Italian fascism , Spanish phalangism and francism , and to some extent even German national socialism . The son of the founder of the party, Bernardino Caballero, Jr., in his theoretical works, propagandized the principles of corporatism as a social structure. At the same time, the ultra-right ideological attitudes were not included in the official ANR doctrine. Party declarations continued to be based on the Manifesto of September 11, 1877.
During the Chak War, National Republicans called for national unity and declared a temporary truce with the liberals. In 1936 , Colorado activists participated in the February Revolution - “a joint Marxist - fascist coup against the liberal government” [9] . Interim President Rafael Franco adopted the historic-political attitudes of Colorado, declaring his father and son Lopez the national heroes of Paraguay. National Republicans generally supported Interior Minister Gomez Freire Esteves (not a member of ANR) in his attempt to establish a corporate-fascist system in the country. However, the corresponding decree of President Franco - Decree N 152 of March 10, 1936 - initiated by Freire Esteves, had to be canceled under pressure from the left and the liberals [10] .
By the end of the 1930s, poet, journalist and historian Juan Natalicio Gonzalez became the leader of Colorado. A bright and energetic politician stood on the positions of the most extreme nationalism (up to admiration for the cruel rituals of the ancient Guarani ) and showed great interest in European fascist movements. He included the corporate thesis in his program, strengthened the party militia, in addition to Py Nandi organized the Grupos de Acción Colorada ( Colorado Action Groups ) and Guión Rojo ( Red Banner )
1948-1954. Return to power
In the 1940s, the National Republicans supported the extreme right regime of Ichinio Morinigo . The militarized organizations of Colorado Guión Rojo and Py Nandi largely ensured the victory of government forces in the civil war of 1947 [11] . President Morinigo has banned all political parties except Colorado, has introduced ANR representatives to key positions in the government. The country has actually established a one-party system.
Since 1948, Colorado returned to power. Ichinio Morinigo was forced to resign, a military coup on his part suppressed Guión Rojo. Until 1954 , Juan Manuel Frutos , Juan Natalicio González, Raimundo Rolón , Felipe Molas Lopez , Federico Chavez , Thomas Romero Pereira consistently held the presidency. The political and ideological attitudes of ANR have tightened in the right-wing nationalistic direction. In fact, these boards are for the most part short-lived; only Federico Chavez remained the head of state for five years — a threshold of military dictatorship.
1954-1989. Alfredo Stroessner's Dictatorship
On May 5, 1954, as a result of another military coup, General Alfredo Stroessner came to power in Paraguay. August 15, 1954 , after the formal holding of no-alternative elections, Stroessner assumed the presidency. The dictatorial regime of stronism was established for almost 35 years [12] .
ANR-Colorado occupied one of the key positions in the Stronist system - along with security forces and shadow communities . The ruling party enlisted most of the population of Paraguay; in some places - almost all adults. All state officials, including officials of all levels, generals and officers, police and special services, were obligatory in Colorado. Only party members could count on stable employment, advantageous service, preferential business conditions, and obtaining a loan from a bank [13] .
The real leader of Colorado was President Stroessner. Formal presidency was carried out by law professor Juan Ramon Chavez . Cuatrinomio de oro ( Golden Square ), the inner circle of the dictator, belonged to the top party: Interior Minister Sabino Montanaro (head of the punitive apparatus), Justice Minister Eugenio Haque (curator of the administrative and judicial system), Minister of Health Adan Godoy (head of social policy) , President’s personal secretary, Mario Abdo Benitez, Sr. (Stressner’s trusted consilier ). A prominent position in the party was held by representatives of the highest army command ( Andres Rodriguez , Alejandro Fretes Davalos , Patricio Colman ), police bosses ( Francisco Brites , Ramon Duarte Vär ), and the leadership of the special services ( Pastor Coronel , Antonio Campos Alum ).
Colorado has played an important role in the Stressner policy. Party leaders controlled the political situation in their areas, acted as agents of state policy, implemented projects and programs for socio-economic development. Structures of Colorado created a single management platform for officials, security officials and criminal authorities. Edgar Insfran , head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the first stronist decade, led the suppression of opposition rebel movements during the critical period of the formation of the regime. This is characterized by an important role played in the defeat of the rebels by the party militia Py Nandi. Juan Manuel Frutos Jr. (the son of the ex-president) was the director of a government agricultural agency, the organizer of the agrarian reform and the main ideologue of stronism.
In the ideology of Colorado, elements of right-wing radicalism and the most extreme anti-communism came to the fore [14] . Stressner’s dictatorship was seen as a bastion against Marxist aggression and liberal decay. Stronism was presented as a continuation of the Paraguayan patriotic tradition, coming from Francia and Lopez (Stroessner himself was put on a par with these historical figures). Democracy as a principle was not formally denied and even proclaimed. But the real Stronist regime was harshly authoritarian and repressive.
Real economic success and social achievements of the regime were promoted in every way [15] . At the same time, social-populist accents, propaganda of equality and justice were made [14] . At the extraordinary congress of 1967 , the Declaration of Principles [4] was adopted, one of the points of which asserted "the subordination of private property to public interests." Interestingly, it was under Stressner in 1956 in Paraguay that full civil equality of women was established.
The value of Colorado was reflected in the strengthening and expansion of party militias. At the head of Py Nandi, in fact stood the Director of the Investigative Special Services of the DIPC, Pastor Coronel, headed the formations of his countrymen Macheteros de Santani . The group Garroteros was created by party functionary Ramon Aquino from the criminal youth of the Chacarita slum. Grupos de Acción Anticomunista ( Anti-Communist Action Groups ) organized by Eugenio Hache.
At the same time, it was precisely in the ruling party that the strongest and most active opposition to Stressner and stronism arose regularly. At first, the ex-presidents Juan Natalicio Gonzalez and Felipe Molas Lopez were serious competitors of Stroessner. Just a year after the dictator came to power, the chairman of the Paraguayan Central Bank, Epifanio Mendez Fleitas, and his supporters, "epiphanists," tried to overthrow. To avoid this danger, Stressner had to undertake a hard party cleansing. Mendez Fleitas emigrated from Paraguay. But in 1959, the "epiphanists" created the opposition Popular Movement "Colorado" (MOPOKO). MOPOCO members were subjected to brutal repression on a par with Paraguayan communists [16] . MOPOKO leader Agustin Goiburu was abducted in Argentina and killed.
From 1962 a multiparty system was restored in Paraguay. The right of legal activity was formally obtained by all the parties, except for the communists and MOPOKO. Presidential and parliamentary elections were held regularly, and on an alternative basis. But Stressner was elected head of state with a big advantage each time, while in Congress two thirds of the seats remained in Colorado.
By the end of the 1980s, a significant opposition movement had arisen in Colorado. Many members of the party were not satisfied with the dictatorial rule of Stroessner and the “Golden Square”, the arbitrariness of the siloviki, rigid censorship, persecution of the Catholic Church, shameless corruption, rampant organized crime, isolation of the dictatorial regime in the international arena. They demanded the resignation of the aged Stroessner and liberal-democratic reforms. The inner-party oppositionists called themselves Tradicionalistas ( "traditionalists" ) - emphasizing their intention to return to the original principles of Colorado. The leaders of the "traditionalists" were the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Louis Maria Argana, and the former Minister of the Interior, Edgar Insfran, whose far-right views have greatly evolved in a democratic direction. In response, solid stronists called Militancias ( “militants” ), led by Interior Minister Sabino Montanaro and Chairman of the 14th Colorado Section (Asuncion District of Chakarita) Ramon Aquino, consolidated. They sought to maximize the tightening of the regime on the ultra-right basis, the lifetime rule of Alfredo Stroessner and the transfer of power by inheritance to the son of the dictator Gustavo Stressner.
On August 1, 1987 , the regular congress of Colorado was held, at which the "militants" won. The party accepted their attitudes as their political doctrine: “After Stroessner — Stroessner!” The “traditionalist” dissidents were severely persecuted, including physical beatings. Reform advocates rallied Garroteros Ramona Aquino.
However, Louis Maria Argana expressed himself in the sense that a repetition of 1947 was possible - when the party of Colorado forced the dictator Morinigo to accept their demands. “Traditionalists” counted on the support of influential military, and this calculation was justified [17] .
1989 and on. After Stronism
In democratic transit
On the night of February 3, 1989 , a military coup occurred in Paraguay. Alfredo Stroessner was removed from power and expelled from the country. Sabino Montanaro, Pastor Coronel, and a number of other organizers of repression are brought to justice. The new government was headed by General Andrés Rodriguez. He announced a policy of restoring democracy and civil liberties while defending national traditions. It was particularly noted that the Colorado party does not claim political privileges - despite the fact that Rodriguez himself and almost all of his associates were prominent leaders of the ruling party.
Under the new conditions, Louis Maria Argana became the president of Colorado. Under his leadership, the party supported the policy of Rodriguez and participated in the democratic transit of Paraguay. At the Colorado congress in 1990, only six delegates - former secretary of presidency Mario Abdo Benitez, former health minister Adan Godoy, former industry and commerce minister Dolphin Ugarte Centurion , former education minister Carlos Ortiz Ramirez , former postal director Modesto Esquivel and acting on that Ramon Aquino, the head of the Chacarite Party Division, opposed the legitimization of the authority of Rodriguez [18] . All of them lost their posts and were moved away from party decisions.
During the presidency of Andres Rodriguez in Paraguay, the democratic system as a whole was established. The 1992 Constitution guaranteed civil and political freedoms, election and replacement power. The Colorado Party has become the largest structure of right-wing conservative forces. The right-centrist doctrine of Colorado in the first decades of the 21st century implies economic liberalism , socio-cultural conservatism, harsh suppression of crime (the latter is an extremely urgent problem of Latin American countries, but this thesis contradicts the known social ties of the party). Colorado unequivocally recognizes the principles and norms of modern democracy, but it maintains not only the theses of the Manifesto of 1887, but also the Declaration of Principles of 1967 adopted by Stroessner. It is significant that such figures as Edgar Insfrán, Juan Manuel Frutos remained high party authorities remained Ramon Aquino (before his death in 2013, Frutos officially advised Colorado President Lilian Simaniego ).
Internal Confrontation
Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, the Colorado party repeatedly experienced acute internal conflicts. The most severe was the clash of the second half of the decade between the party’s president, Luis Maria Argagna and General Lino Oviedo . General Oviedo - a prominent rank of the stronist army, an associate of Stroessner and Rodriguez, an active participant in the coup in 1989 - claimed leadership in the party and in the long run the presidency. For the threat of a military coup, he was arrested and sentenced to prison in 1997 . He was released from prison by political ally President Kubas Grau. This decision was appealed by the Supreme Court, and impeachment was initiated in Congress. The situation was complicated by the fact that Argana was elected to the post of vice-president under Kubas Grau.
March 23, 1999 Louis Maria Argana was shot in his car with a driver and a security guard [19] (of the three, only the driver survived). The leadership of Colorado accused prominent party members of this assassination of General Oviedo and President Kubas Grau.
About 10 thousand people came out with protests on the streets of Asuncion. The president threw reinforced police squads against them, introduced army armored vehicles to the capital. In clashes between supporters of Argany and Oviedo, demonstrators and police, several people were killed, about a hundred were injured [20] . March 28, 1999 Kubas Grau resigned, Oviedo fled to Argentina. The presidential post eventually remained in Colorado - this position was taken by Senate President Luis Angel Gonzalez Mackey. These events - the inner-party conflict in Colorado, which led to tragic consequences - were called Marzo Paraguayo - Paraguay March .
In 2002, supporters of General Oviedo split off from Colorado by creating the right-populist party, the National Union of Ethical Citizens ( UNACE ). In 2007, Lino Oviedo received permission to return to Paraguay. UNACE moved to the third party in the country, after the Colorado and radical liberals. Oviedo again claimed the presidency. However, on February 2, 2013, Oviedo died in a plane crash under unclear circumstances.
Presidency and politics
From 1989 to 2018 , nine presidents changed in Paraguay. Seven of them were Colorado: Andres Rodriguez ( 1989–1993 ), Juan Carlos Vasmosi ( 1993–1998 ), Raúl Cubas Grau ( 1998–1999 ), Luis Angel González Macchi ( 1999–2003 ), Nicanor Duarte ( 2003–2008 ), Horacio Cartes ( 2013 - 2018 ), Mario Abdo Benitez, Jr. (from 2018 ). The rule of Colorado was interrupted only by the presidency of the left-wing politician Fernando Lugo ( 2008 - 2012 ) and the radical liberal Federico Franco (2012—2013). The Colorado Party has played a key role in the removal of Lugo from power by impeachment [21] .
The energetic style was distinguished by the conservative presidency Horacio Cartes. His government managed to stabilize finances, made major investments in infrastructure projects, built a lot of new housing, and increased the road network. At the same time, Cartes firmly suppressed trade union and student protests with a police force [22] . He was also implicated in a series of criminal scandals, including self-seizure of the land [23] and suspicions of involvement in the drug business [24] . In the office of Colorado, Cartesa was dissatisfied with the business-technocratic bias of ignoring party political traditions.
In 2017, President Cartes made an attempt to change the Constitution in order to be eligible for a new term. This plan, which caused associations with the Stroessner board, was thwarted [25] by mass protests, during which one of the demonstrators was killed. Kartes abandoned his intentions to extend his presidency.
In the elections of April 22, 2018 , the candidate of the Colorado party, Mario Abdo Benitez Jr. (aka Marito Benitez), again won the victory [26] . The son of Stroessner's personal secretary, he is known for his open sympathy for stronism and its head. This attracted the anxious attention of leftist and liberal commentators — since 1989, representatives of Colorado have not allowed themselves this kind of candor. His main task Marito Benitez calls the fight against the "informal sectors" - the shadow economy and the streamlining of the economic system by reducing government spending (this neoliberal approach largely contradicts the stresser economic tradition) [27] .
The presidents of the Colorado party during the post-stressner period were Luis Maria Argana, the industrialist Blas Riquelme , the financial auditor Eugenio Sanabria Cantero , the lawyer Bader Lichee , the deputy of parliament Erminio Caceres , the economist Jose Alberto Alderete , the businesswoman of the pharmaceutical cluster Lilian Simaniego. In 2015, this post was elected merchant and politician Hercules Pedro Allana Rodriguez . Interestingly, in the fight for presidency in the party, he defeated Marito Benitez, who later became president of the country. Like its predecessor Simaniego, Allana Rodriguez is considered a supporter and creator of Horacio Cartes [28] .
Notes
- ↑ La ANR tiene 881.729 afiliados más que el PLRA en su padrón actualizado
- ↑ 1 2 LA HISTORIA DE LA ANR
- ↑ 1 2 Fundación del Partido Liberal y del Partido Colorado en 1887|Chovy ha Kolo'o partido moheñói 1887-pe
- ↑ 1 2 Asociación Nacional Republicana
- ↑ «Красный падре» побеждает «Красную»
- ↑ ANTONIO TABOADA — FUNDADOR PRINCIPAL Y JEFE DEL PARTIDO LIBERAL PARAGUAYO (1848—1913)
- ↑ Don ANTONIO TABOADA
- ↑ Phil Gunson, Andrew Thompson, Greg Chamberlain. The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America / Macmillan Pub Co; 1st edition, 1989.
- ↑ Michael Schmidt. Cartography of Revolutionary Anarchism / AK Press, 2013.
- ↑ GÓMES FREIRE ESTEVES
- ↑ La Guerra civil paraguaya o Revolución de los Pynandí — 1947
- ↑ History of Paraguay. THE STRONATO
- ↑ От Дуче до Туркмен-баши // Маленькая страна больших диктаторов
- ↑ 1 2 Redes y organizaciones anticomunistas en Paraguay. La XII Conferencia Anual de la Liga Anticomunista Mundial, realizada en Asunción en 1979
- ↑ Последний фюрер Америки
- ↑ Stroessner en Paraguay: la dictadura más larga de América del Sur
- ↑ EL GOBIERNO DEL GENERAL ANDRÉS RODRÍGUEZ
- ↑ R. Andrew Nickson. Historical Dictionary of Paraguay (Historical Dictionaries of the Americas) / Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; Third edition, 2015.
- ↑ Conmoción en Paraguay por el asesinato a balazos del vicepresidente, Luis María Argaña
- ↑ Paso a paso del Marzo Paraguayo
- ↑ Парагвайские правые отстранили левого президента, защитившего частную собственность
- ↑ La primavera paraguaya
- ↑ En título de propiedad de Cartes se consignaron datos falsos, denuncian
- ↑ EE.UU. investigó a Cartes por supuesto lavado de dinero, según WikiLeaks
- ↑ La Cámara de Diputados rechazó la enmienda constitucional que habilitaba la reelección presidencial
- ↑ Колорадо великой реки
- ↑ Марито, брат Бениньо…
- ↑ Perfil del nuevo presidente colorado: Pedro Alliana