Toreutics ( Greek: τορευτιχος - skilled in relief work on metal , from Greek. Τορεο - cut, embossed , lat. Caelatura ) - the art of producing relief art products from metal , as opposed to sculpting from stone , clay , wax and wood . Mostly the word “toreutics” refers to the processing of metals with sharp steel tools, namely chasing , knocking out using punches or engraving , as well as stamping in forms [1] . Sometimes this term also refers to art casting and forging [2] .
The art of toreutics is rooted in antiquity [3] . It is used already in the Bronze Age [4] . Products of high craftsmanship created in the Iron Age are Certosa situla from Italy , as well as bronze sieve from Vache and a belt buckle from Vache ( Slovenia ). Toreutics received particular development among the peoples of Asia Minor , Assyria , Babylon , passing from there to ancient Persia [5] . A striking example of the influence of the Persian school of toreutics is considered to be a treasure from the village of Nagy-Saint-Miklosh , which was found in Transylvania in 1799 . The treasure, consisting of 23 golden vessels, was considered a service of the leader of the Huns Attila [6] , a product of Avars [7] or Pechenegs [8] . However, most scholars consider it, because of the runic inscriptions contained on the vessels, the work of proto-Bulgarian masters [9] [10] [11] .
Notes
- ↑ Toreutics // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Toreutics // Great Soviet Encyclopedia (third edition).
- ↑ How to Understand Sculpture by Margaret Thomas. - Kessinger Publishing, 2005. - P. 25-6.
- ↑ Social Transformations in Archeology: Global and Local Perspectives (Material Cultures) by Kri Kristiansen (1998) p. 135.
- ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran by I. Gershevitch (1985) p. 154.
- ↑ Mladenov S. “Parvoblgar, not Pecheneg, i.e., Nar. Atilovo Zlatnoe treasure from Nad St. Miklos ”// GSUIFF, 1934-1935, XXXI. - S. 88.
- ↑ Csallány D. Archáologische Denkmáler der Awarenzeit in Mitteleuropa. - Bdpst. 1956.
- ↑ Thomsen W. Une inscription de la trouvaille d'or de Nagy-Szent-Miklós. // Samlede. Afhandliger. - T. III. - Kopenhagen, 1917.
- ↑ Dimitrov M.D. Zlatnite to the congress from the tomb of Tsar Asparuh. - Sofia, 1929.
- ↑ A Short History of Modern Bulgaria / by RJ Crampton. - Cambridge University Press, 1987.
- ↑ Ivan Venedikov, Sava Boyadjiev, Dimiter Kartalev . Bulgarian's Treasures from the Past. - Sofia: Foreign Languages Press, 1965. - P. 345-355.