Narkevich-Iodko, Yakov Ottonovich

The representative of the catholic clan Yodko of the coat of arms of Lis , which comes from the Lid boyar Martyn Yodko ^[2] , granted by estates in 1546

Born on the estate of Turin, Igumensky district, Minsk province (now Pukhovichsky district, Minsk region of the Republic of Belarus ) - the family estate of his mother Aneli Estko (granddaughter of Tadeush Kostyushko's elder sister). The childhood years were spent on his father’s estate Nadneman (Uzda volost, Minsk province , now Uzda district, Minsk region , Republic of Belarus).

In 1865 he graduated from the Minsk Provincial Classical Gymnasium. He spent several years in cultural and scientific centers of Western Europe: he improved his mastery of playing the piano at the Paris Conservatory , successfully performed as a pianist in famous concert halls, including the royal palace of Tuileries (Paris). In 1868–1869 taught a theory of music at the Mariinsky-Yermolovsky educational institution (Moscow).

In 1869 he entered the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris . During his studies, he met many representatives of the French scientific school, participated in seminars, in the work of scientific societies, meetings of the Paris Academy of Sciences , which influenced the formation of his scientific views and scientific style. The trips to Italy, where he visited the clinics of famous Italian doctors in Rome and Florence, helped him to establish himself in the final choice of medical specialization ^[3] .

In the second half of 1871, Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko returned to his homeland and began to actively engage in scientific research in the fields of physics, meteorology, medicine, psychology, agriculture. On the estate Nadneman, he organized meteorological and atmospheric stations, electrographic, electrobiological, chemical and astronomical scientific laboratories, equipped them with first-class instruments for that time.

Since 1892, the director of the Nad-Neman sanatorium organized by him on the Nadneman estate for the treatment of paralyzed and nervous patients.

In 1892, Mr .. elected member of the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine (St. Petersburg).

Since 1897, the trustee of the Ivanovo girls' school in St. Petersburg. He headed the Slutsk philanthropic and Uzda free-fire society.

Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko was buried at the family cemetery in the village of Nadneman near Uzda .

The formation of the scientific views of Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko was greatly facilitated by the work on the study of atmospheric electricity. On the territory of the Ottonovo estate in the early 80s of the 19th century, he built a meteorological station of the 2nd category. In 1888 she was transferred to Nadneman. After retrofitting, the station became one of the largest in the western part of Russia and entered the network of stations of the Main Physical Observatory of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences . Among the equipment were original instruments designed by the scientist himself, including a device for determining the speed of movement of clouds and a lysimeter, which made it possible to determine soil moisture at a depth of up to three meters with great accuracy.

In order to reduce thunderstorms and hailstorms, Narkevich-Iodko developed the so-called city drainage channels, which, being located on an experimentally developed system of scientists, were successfully applied not only in the territory of the Minsk province. Positive feedback on the grading system was given by A. I. Voeikov , D. A. Lachinov, and others.

The purpose of the gullet was not limited to thunderstorm prevention They served as sources of electric current in experiments to study the effect of atmospheric electricity on plants. To conduct systematic research in this area, Narkevich-Iodko organized experimental cultivation sites and found that passing a current of a certain force through the soil significantly accelerated seed growth, shortened the vegetative period by three to four weeks, while the size of the fruit increased several times. The yield of agricultural crops increased in comparison with the control samples up to 20%. The first official report on the results of experiments on the effect of electricity on plant growth was made by the scientist in 1892 at a meeting of the Rural Householder Meeting in St. Petersburg.

In 1890, Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko used for the registration of lightning discharges a device designed by him, which is a kind of radio receiver . The device, the main part of which was the handset, allowed recording electrical discharges in the atmosphere at a distance of up to 100 km. The significance of the works of Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko on radio reception was discussed in 1898 at a meeting of the French Physical Society dedicated to the works of A. S. Popov .

The pioneering work on the use of electromagnetic radiation of gas - discharge plasma for visualization of living organisms and their practical use in medicine for the assessment of the physiological state of the body are associated with the name of Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko. "The method of recording the energy emitted by a living organism when an electric field is applied to it" the scientist called "electrography." The works of Ya.O. Narkevich-Iodko on electrography arose as a natural continuation of the experiments of G. Karsten , K. A. Chekhovich, and D. A. Lachinov on the registration of inanimate objects under the conditions of electrical discharge.

As a voltage source, the Rumkorf coil was used, which was driven by a galvanic cell . One pole of the secondary winding was connected to a metal rod insulated from it on a high tower and directed into the atmosphere. The opposite pole was connected to the insulated wire that was used for the experiments. In order to protect a person when receiving electrographic images of fingers using a high voltage source, Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko introduced into the experimental circuit an electric differentiating cell, which, without affecting the high-frequency part of the pulse spectrum of the generator, reduced the amplitude of the low-frequency part of the spectrum, affecting on the object. The scientist wrote ^[7] :

Ya.O. Narkevich-Iodko considered the occurrence of an electrical discharge in the air gap between an object, for example, a human hand, and the recording material, the role of which in the experiments of the scientist was a photographic plate, to be a prerequisite for the formation of the electrographic pattern.

The results of Ya.O. Narkevich-Iodko's research on electrography became known to the scientific community in 1892-1894. He made the first report at a meeting of the Petersburg Assembly of Rural Hosts on January 28, 1892, then reported to a commission of scientists from the St. Petersburg Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine, at a conference on electrography and electrophysiology at St. Petersburg University. In 1893, his work became known to scientists of the scientific centers of Western Europe: Berlin, Vienna, Prague, Paris. Electrographic images were presented at the Fifth Photographic Exhibition in St. Petersburg (1898), at the French-Russian Exhibition (1899), the Council of which awarded Ya. O. Narkevichu-Iodko a gold medal and awarded the diploma “For Continuous Improvements in Electrical Engineering , At the International Congress (Paris, 1900).

Prince A. Oldenburg , the trustee and organizer of the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine , the Institute of Natural Science in Vienna, the Charcot Museum of Paris (Salpetriere) possessed the most complete electrographic collections donated by Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko. Electrographic images adorned the halls of many European museums and were often published in books and periodicals of the 19th century. They are most fully represented in the books of the Russian popularizer of natural science V.V. Bitner and M.V. Pogorelsky, the journals Kraj and Niva. Separate electrographic images today are stored in Paris, at the National Center for Art and Culture. Georges Pompidou and in the archives of the French Astronomical Society. The last time they were exhibited at the special exhibition “Traces du Sacre” organized by the center in May – August 2008. One of the most famous photographs, the electrogram of astronomer C. Flammarion’s hand, made by Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko in 1896, was posted on the title page of the Exhibition Catalog.

The method of electrography Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko applied in medicine for the diagnosis of the disease. On the basis of a qualitative analysis of images of living objects, the collection of which amounted to more than 1,500 samples, he identified certain regularities and found that the shape of the electrographic pictures depended significantly on the physiological state of a person, which suggested the possibility of using the electrographic method for diagnosing various diseases for recording bioelectric processes in the human body, and under the same external conditions and the physiological state of the person The physical picture depended on the emotional state of the subject. According to Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko, the method made it possible to obtain complete information about the normal and pathological activity of tissues, organs, systems of a person. Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko was one of the first to declare the principles and prospects of integral medicine, creatively combining the medical knowledge of traditional Western and traditional Eastern medicine, using the means of metabolic correction and field correction.

From the letter of Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko to Prince A. Oldenburgsky ^[8] :

In the mid-1890s, he developed a method of electrotherapy, based on the local influence of electric current on certain parts of the human body. The main difference of the electrotherapeutic method developed by Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko was that the body was not impacted blindly, but on the basis of data from electrographic images on quite specific points on the human skin that corresponded to the maximum intensity of the electric discharge, the so-called acupuncture points.

The scientist also practiced the non-contact method of treating diseased parts of the human body with induced currents. According to the academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus V.S. Ulashchik, the method proposed by Ya.O. Narkevich-Iodko is close to modern electrostatic massage, which is now widely used in many European countries.

The original method of electrotherapy proposed by Ya. O. Narkevich-Jodko was originally tested at the Institute of Physiology in Rome under the name “Jodko's System”. Subsequently, it was successfully used in clinics in Rome and Florence, in the Paris hospital Salpetriere. Since 1893, the method has been widely used in the sanatorium "Nad-Neman", intended for the treatment of paralyzed and nervous patients. The treatment with electricity was supplemented with water, air, light, magnetic, hypno, and music therapy, gymnastics, koumiss and kefi treatment, and the use of local mineral waters. On anemic and overworked nervous patients, the scientist investigated the effects of sunlight.

As a physician, Ya. O. Narkevich-Iodko propagandized among the local population hygienic living conditions, provided free medical and outpatient assistance to poor villagers, controlled the health of their livestock.

The scientific community recognized the research results of the Belarusian scientist as electing him as a member of a number of scientific societies, including the Minsk Society of Agriculture (1881), the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (1889), the Imperial Free Economic Society (1889), the Imperial Russian Physical and Chemical Society (1891 ), the Italian medico-biological society (1893), the French electrotherapeutic society while the Paris Academy of Sciences (1894), honorary member of the Physical and mathematical society Galil I was in Florence (1892) and the French Astronomical Society (1894). At the suggestion of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, the scientist was awarded the Order of St. Anne II and III degrees. His works were repeatedly awarded diplomas and medals of scientific societies and exhibitions.

Well-known Russian scientists, such as I.I. Borgman , A.I. Voeikov , V.V. Dokuchaev , A. Ya. Krassovsky , DI Mendeleev , F. , gave a positive assessment of the results of Ya.N. Narkevich’s scientific studies. F. Petrushevsky , A.V. Soviets and many others.

Известно, что Я. О. Наркевич-Иодко тесно сотрудничал с французским астрономом Камилем Фламмарионом , директором Института Шарко в Париже Ипполитом Барадюком, был знаком с немецким химиком и естествоиспытателем бароном Карлом Рейхенбахом , выдающимся французским бактериологом Эмилем Ру , итальянским врачом-психиатром Чезаре Ломброзо , французским психофизиологом А. де Роша.

В 1896 г. в Париже вышла книга М.Декреспа «La vie et les œuvres de M. de Narkiewicz-Iodko», посвященная его жизни и научной деятельности.

Я. О. Наркевич-Иодко благосклонно принимался папой Римским Львом XIII и получил от него титул папского камергера («cameriere di spada e cappa»).

Я. О. Наркевич-Иодко собрал ценную библиотеку медицинских книг и периодических изданий, значительная часть которой после его смерти была передана в библиотеку Общества минских врачей ^[9] .

Выступил соучредителем специализированного научного журнала «Метеорологический вестник» — первого в России периодического издания по физической метеорологии на русском языке (вместе с А. И. Воейковым, Д. И. Менделеевым, А. Г. Столетовым , А. А. Тилло и другими известными русскими учеными).

Today, the scientific ideas of the Belarusian scientist remain relevant. The method of visual observation developed by Ya.O. Narkevich-Iodko, or the registration of a gas discharge on photographic material arising near the surface of the object under study when placed in a high electric field, 50 years later experienced a rebirth and is known in many countries as the “Kirlian effect " (Also uses the term" bioelectrography "). In the last decade, since the main source of image formation was a gas discharge near the surface of the object under study, the St. Petersburg scientist Professor KG Korotkov proposed a new name for the method - gas discharge visualization.

The expansion of the scope of application of bioelectrographic methods, the desire to consolidate research conducted in various countries, led to the organization in 1978 of the International Union of Medical and Applied Bioelectrography (IUMAB, President - K. G. Korotkov).

• Order of St. Anne 2 degrees.
• Silver Medal of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society
• Honorary Member of the Vilna Medical Society

• A plaque in honor of the kind Narkevichi on the building in the estate under Uzda.
• In 2002, a memorial boulder sign in honor of Yakov Narkevich-Iodko was installed at the family ancestral cemetery of Narkevich-Iodko near the manor “Nad-Neman”.

• Decrespe, M. La vie et les œuvres de M. de Narkiewicz-Iodko, membre et collaborateur de l'Institut impérial de médecine expérimentale de Saint-Pétersbourg, membran of de Saint-Pétersbourg, membre de médecine de Paris, ets, ets. / Marius Decrespe. - Paris: Chamuel, 1896. - 51 p.
• Grybkoўskі, V.P. Prafesar electragraphic and magnetism: Jakub Narkevich-Yodka / V.P. Grybkoўskі, V.A. Gaponenko, U.M. Kіsyalyoў. - Minsk: Navuki i Technik, 1988. - 69, [3] p .: ill. - (Our glorious countrymen).
• Kiselev, V.N. Paradoxes of the “electric man”: the life and work of the Belarusian scientist Yakov Ottonovich Narkevich-Iodko / V.N. Kiselev. - Minsk: Belarusian. Science, 2007. - 316 p.
• Ya. A. Narkevich-Yodka ў tvorov mastak фот fotamaystroў [Vyyўlenchy materialy] / [order. W. Кісялёўў. - Minsk: Druk-S, 2008. - 32 p.: Il.
• Jacob Ottonovich Narkevich-Iodko (1847-1905): Bibliographical Index / National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Commission on the History of Science, Central Scientific Library. I. Kolas; [compilers: N. Yu. Berezkina, O. A. Gaponenko; scientific editor V.N. Kiselev]. - Minsk: Belaruskaya Navuka, 2010. - 240, [4] with.

• Jacob Ottonovich Narkevich-Iodko (Neopr.) . Database "History of Belarusian science in persons" of the Central Scientific Library. J. Kolas NAS of Belarus. The appeal date is March 7, 2012. Archived May 14, 2012.
• Alchemist from under the reins invented the radio before Marconi and Popov. TVNZ. 01.20.2011
• Narkevich-Iodko Yakov (Yakub) Ottonovich (Neopr.) . The place of collection and storage of interesting information about the life and activities of the Belarusian scientist. The date of circulation is October 23, 2018. Archived April 6, 2013.
• The life and scientific activities of the Belarusian natural scientist Yakov Ottonovich Narkevich-Iodko (1847-1905): a virtual exhibition on the website of the Central Scientific Library. J. Kolas NAS of Belarus
• Restoration of the estate in the village of Nadneman, the state for 2019