Fo ( Vietnamese phở , MFA : fɤ˧˩˧) is a dish of Vietnamese cuisine , noodle soup , in which beef or chicken , and sometimes pieces of fried fish or fish balls are added to the table. In the first case, the dish is called pho bo ( vietn. phở bò ) , in the second - pho ga ( vietn. phở gà ) [1] , and in the third, a foca (Viet . phở cá ) .
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Noodles for soup are usually made from rice flour . The dish is decorated with an Asian variety of basil , mint , lime and mung bean sprouts.
The dish is associated with Hanoi , where in the 1920s the first pho restaurant was opened.
Content
History
Fo appeared at the beginning of the 20th century in northern part of Vietnam [2] . Probably, pho appeared in the southwest of Hanoi, in Namdin [3] , and its appearance was influenced by the French colonial government (before them, the cows were considered working animals and were not used as food) [2] [4] . Initially pho were sold in boxes, and in the 1920s the first restaurant specializing in pho was opened in Hanoi [4] .
The origin of the pho was the topic of a special seminar held in Hanoi in 2003 [2] . One theory is that "pho" comes from the French "fire" fr. feu , and an additional confirmation of this theory is the fact that roasted onions are added to the broth for taste and color, as in a French pothofe dish. In other Asian noodle soups, this technique is not used [2] [4] [5] . There is also a theory that states that pho is derived from the Chinese word fen ( Chinese trad. 粉 , pinyin : fěn [nb 1] ). In addition, rice noodles, star anise and cinnamon are popular ingredients of Chinese cuisine [3] .
Some researchers [2] believe that pho originated from a Cantonese dish with shahé noodle, whale. trad. 沙河粉 , which is also called fan [6] , vietn. phấn; or ho [7] , Viet. hà that could turn into “phở” [2] . Both words (pho and fan) are used to name the same kind of noodle, which is common in Vietnam and Guangdong , which may mean that this type of noodle was brought to Vietnam from immigrants from southern China. A different explanation of this can be found in the fact that in ancient times the peoples of Yue (see Bayue, Yue (kingdom) ) inhabited the territories of modern northern Vietnam and southern China. Moreover, modern Vieta are direct descendants of the ancient peoples of Yue, and the other name of the province of Guangdong / 粤 ( Yue ) comes from the collective name of “ one hundred yue ” (). Those. and the Vietnamese and Chinese versions of the dish presumably go back to the same dish of the Yue kingdom, which combined present-day North Vietnam and present-day southern China. These noodles are equally cooked in both areas, seasoned with fish sauce , decorated with bean sprouts, meatballs and pieces of beef. In pho, however, mint, cilantro, basil, lime, slices of red pepper and slices of raw beef are also added [8] , this is especially characteristic of pho from Saigon's environs. In addition, the broth for pho is prepared from cow bones and fresh onions, and the broth for the "fan" is cooked from flounder and other seafood. In some areas of Vietnam, pho is sweet, sugar-candis is added to it, in China such a dish is unknown.
In addition, in the south of the country, other types of meat can be added to pho, cook broth in a different way, and also decorate the finished dish with eringium ( Vietnamese ngò gai , ngo guy) , Thai basil ( Vietnamese húng quế , Hung Kue) and tyongom ( Viet Nam . tương , soy paste ) [2] . Fo became popular in the south only after 1954 [5] .
Probably the earliest mention of pho in European countries is found in the 1935 book Recipes of the World’s Peoples . Recipes of All Nations by Countess Morphy. The pho book is described as “Annam soup served to distinguished guests ... prepared from beef, calf bones, onions, bay leaf, salt and pepper, and yokokmama ” [9] .
During the Vietnam War, refugees spread fo around the world. It is especially popular in large cities with a significant Vietnamese population, for example, in Paris , on the west coast of Canada ( Vancouver , Victoria ) [10] , in Texas , New Orleans , in Orlando , Florida [11] and in Washington ; in the immigrant western regions of Sydney and Melbourne . In 2011, pho was named by CNN 28 the most delicious dish in the world ( eng. World's 50 most delicious foods ) [12] .
Composition and preparation
Fo served in a bowl with white rice noodles for pho ( Vietnamese bánh phở ) , floating in clear beef broth, with thin slices of beef. Sometimes in the south in pho are also put veins, tripe, meatballs. Chicken pho is cooked in exactly the same way as beef, but chicken, heart of ovaries and stomach are used as meat [1] [13] .
Broth
Beef bones, oxtail, fowl, toasted onions, ginger and spices (these can be cinnamon , star anise, black cardamom , cilantro, fennel and cloves) are boiled for a few hours to make broth [13] [14] .
Additives
Vietnamese dishes are often served with greens, herbs, vegetables, dipping sauces, various pastes, and lime or lemon squeeze. Green and common onions, cilantro, basil ( Vietnamese húng quế ) , fresh red chilli peppers, a slice of lime or lemon, yoghurt and chili sauce can be added to pho [13] .
A special variety is pho with fatty broth ( Vietnamese nước béo , nicky beo) , it is served with green onions. To pho also often ordered Han Zam ( Vietnamese. Hành dấm , onions with vinegar) .
Regional Cuisine
Fo served in the north differs from the south . The Hanoi pho is called pho bak ( Vietnamese phở bắc , northern pho) , and the Saigon foothold is called sao gon ( Vietnamese phở Sài Gòn ) . In the northern variety, the noodles are wider, and the broth contains a lot of green onions, the southern pho is sweeter, and various fresh herbs are added to it. Also, apparently, cooking for non-beef, as well as the supply of lime , bean sprouts , eringium , basil and soy paste - an invention of the south of the country [2] .
See also
- Ramen
Notes
- Footnotes
- ↑ The hieroglyph “粉” is pronounced “fan” (phấn) in Vietnamese
- Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Johnathon Gold Pho Town; Noodle stories from South El Monte Monte 12-18 2008 LA Weekly
- 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nguyen, Andrea Q. History of Pho Noodle Soup (not available link) . San Jose Mercury News , reprinted at Viet World Kitchen. The date of circulation is October 22, 2011. Archived September 11, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 The Origins of Pho . Phofever.com. The date of circulation is October 22, 2011. Archived September 11, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 3 “Why is Pho Top Dish” Archive dated July 28, 2009 on Wayback Machine , Saigon Times Weekly, No. 10. December 2004, reprinted at Pho 24 website.
- ↑ 1 2 “A Bowl of Pho” Archival copy dated October 26, 2011 on Wayback Machine , SFGATE, November 1997
- ↑ Chinese Character Database Chinese University of Hong Kong
- ↑ Chinese Character Database Chinese University of Hong Kong
- ↑ Pho Recipe , About.com
- ↑ Morphy, Marcelle (countess) (1948), Recipes of all nations , New York: Wm. H. Wise & Co., p. 802,
- For "For Fantastic Pho, The Proof is in the Soup" , Georgia Straight. April 2008.
- ↑ [1] "Area Neighborhoods - A Snapshot Of Orlando's History And Vitality"
- ↑ CNN Go. World's 50 most delicious foods Archival copy dated October 8, 2011 on Wayback Machine . 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Diana My Tran. The Vietnamese Cookbook . - illustrated. - Capital Books, 2003. - P. 53–54.
- ↑ Instant Pho Fixes? // vietworldkitchen.com
Links
- Interview about pho with a Vietnamese cafe chef
- Bloom, Dan. “What's that Pho? - French loan words in Vietnam hark back to the colonial days ”// Taipei Times , 05/29/2010
- Pho Ha Noi // VietnamWiki.net. "Pho Hanoi", Vietnam Travel Wiki , December 28, 2009
- Lam, Andrew . Surprising locations to find phở , "Pho", All Things Considered , National Public Radio, September 2, 1999
- Norris, Michele. From Immigrant's Tale, All Things Considered , National Public Radio, February 6, 2007 Biography of Bich Minh Nguyen
- Prakash, Snigdha. Pho Sells, Morning Edition , National Public Radio, June 3, 2002. Campbell soup markets phở
- Sullivan, Michael. "Vietnamese Pho Chain Takes on US Competition", Morning Edition , National Public Radio, March 20, 2007.
- Vietnam Food. Different types of restaurants and restaurants in Hanoi. Pho (Noodle Soup) - Introduction
- The World's Most Expensive Bowl of Soup? $ 5,000