List of notation in physics

Einstein's formula on the Taipei 101 skyscraper.

The list of notation in physics includes the notation of concepts in physics from school and university courses. General mathematical concepts and operations are also included in order to make it possible to fully read physical formulas .

To denote physical quantities and concepts in physics , the letters of the Latin and Greek alphabets are used, as well as several special characters and diacritics . Since the number of physical quantities is greater than the number of letters in the Latin and Greek alphabets, the same letters are used to denote different quantities. For some physical quantities, several notations are accepted (for example, for energy , speed , length, and others) to prevent confusion with other quantities in this section of physics.

Content

Fonts

In printed text, mathematical notations using the Latin alphabet are usually written in italics . Function names, as well as numbers and Greek letters, are left straight. Letters can also be written in different fonts in order to distinguish between the nature of quantities or mathematical operations. In particular, it is customary to denote vector quantities in bold, and tensor quantities in minced type . Sometimes a gothic font is also used for designation. Intensive quantities are usually indicated in lowercase , and extensive ones in capital letters .

Latin alphabet

For historical reasons, many of the designations use Latin letters - from the first letter of a word denoting a concept in a foreign language (mainly Latin, English, French and German). When such a relationship exists, it is indicated in parentheses. Among the Latin letters, practically no letter is used to indicate physical quantities $O$ ${\ displaystyle O}$ .


Symbol	Meaning and Origin
$A$ ${\ displaystyle A}$	Area ( Latin a rea ), vector potential ^[1] , work ( German A rbeit ), amplitude ( Latin a mplitudo ), degeneracy parameter , Work function ( German A ustrittsarbeit ), Einstein coefficient for spontaneous emission , mass number
$a$ ${\ displaystyle a}$	Acceleration ( lat. A cceleratio ), amplitude ( lat. A mplitudo ), activity ( lat. A ctivitas ), thermal diffusivity , rotational ability , Bohr radius , natural indicator of light absorption
$B$ ${\ displaystyle B}$	Magnetic induction vector ^[1] , baryon charge ( eng. B aryon number ), specific gas constant , virial coefficient , Brillouin function ( eng. B rillion function ), interference bandwidth ( it. B reite ), brightness , Kerr constant , coefficient Einstein for stimulated emission , Einstein coefficient for absorption , rotational constant of a molecule
$b$ ${\ displaystyle b}$	Magnetic induction vector ^[1] , beautiful quark ( Eng. B eauty / b ottom quark ), Wien constant , decay width ( German B reite )
$C$ ${\ displaystyle C}$	Electrical capacitance ( English c apacitance ), heat capacity ( English heat c apacity ), integration constant ( Latin c onstans ), charm (charm, charm; English c harm ), Clebsch-Gordan coefficients ( English C lebsch-Gordan coefficients ), Cotton -Mouton constant ( English C otton-Mouton constant ), curvature ( lat. c urvatura )
$c$ ${\ displaystyle c}$	The speed of light ( lat. C eleritas ), the speed of sound ( lat. C eleritas ), heat capacity ( English heat c apacity ), charmed quark ( English c harm quark ), concentration ( English c oncentration ), the first radiation constant , the second radiation constant
$D$ ${\ displaystyle D}$	Electric induction vector ^[1] ( eng. Electric d isplacement field ), Diffusion coefficient ( eng. D iffusion coefficient ), Optical power ( eng. D ioptric power ), transmission coefficient , quadrupole electric moment tensor , angular dispersion of the spectral device , linear dispersion spectral instrument , transparency coefficient of the potential barrier , D-meson ( English D meson ), Diameter ( lat. d iametros , other Greek δ ιάμετρος )
$d$ ${\ displaystyle d}$	Distance ( lat. D istantia ), Diameter ( lat. D iametros , other Greek δ ιάμετρος ), differential ( lat. D ifferentia ), lower quark ( English d own quark ), dipole moment ( English d ipole moment) ), period of the diffraction grating , thickness ( German D icke )
$E$ ${\ displaystyle E}$	Energy ( Latin e nergīa ), electric field strength ^[1] ( English e lectric field ), Electromotive force ( English e lectromotive force ), magnetomotive force , illumination ( French é clairement lumineux ), body emissivity , Young's modulus
$e$ ${\ displaystyle e}$	The base of natural logarithms (2.71828 ...), electron ( English e lectron ), elementary electric charge ( English e lementaty electric charge ), electromagnetic interaction constant
$F$ ${\ displaystyle F}$	Force ( lat. F ortis ), Faraday constant ( Eng.F araday constant ), Helmholtz free energy ( German f reie Energie ), atomic scattering factor , electromagnetic field tensor , magnetomotive force , shear modulus , focal length ( f ocal length )
$f$ ${\ displaystyle f}$	Frequency ( Latin f requentia ), function ( Latin f unctia ), volatility ( German F lüchtigkeit ), strength ( Latin f ortis ), focal length ( English f ocal length ), oscillator strength , friction coefficient
$G$ ${\ displaystyle G}$	Gravitational constant ( English g ravitational constant ), Einstein tensor , Gibbs free energy ( English G ibbs free energy ), space-time metric , virial , partial molar quantity , adsorbate surface activity , shear modulus , total field momentum , Gluon ( English . g luon ), Fermi constant , quantum of conductivity , electrical conductivity , Weight ( German G ewichtskraft )
$g$ ${\ displaystyle g}$	Gravitational acceleration ( eng g ravitational acceleration ), gluon ( eng g luon ), lande factor , degeneracy factor , weight concentration , graviton ( eng g raviton ), metric tensor
$H$ ${\ displaystyle H}$	Magnetic field strength ^[1] , equivalent dose , enthalpy ( Eng. H eat contents or from the Greek letter “this”, H - ενθαλπος ^[2] ), Hamiltonian ( Eng. H amiltonian ), Hankel function ( Eng. H ankel function ) , Heaviside function ( Engl. H eaviside step function ), Higgs boson ( Engl. H iggs boson ), exposition , Hermite polynomials ( Engl. H ermite polynomials )
$h$ ${\ displaystyle h}$	Height ( German H öhe ), Planck's constant ( German H ilfsgröße ^[3] ), helicity ( English h elicity )
$I$ ${\ displaystyle I}$	current strength ( fr. i ntensité de courant ), sound intensity ( lat. i ntēnsiō ), light intensity ( lat. i ntēnsi излучения ), radiation intensity , light intensity , moment of inertia , magnetization vector
$i$ ${\ displaystyle i}$	Imaginary unit ( lat. I maginarius ), unit vector (coordinate unit)
$J$ ${\ displaystyle J}$	Current density (also a 4-vector of current density ), angular momentum , Bessel function , moment of inertia , polar moment of inertia of the cross section , rotational quantum number , luminous intensity , J / ψ meson
$j$ ${\ displaystyle j}$	Imaginary unit (in electrical engineering and radio electronics), current density (also a 4-vector of current density ), unit vector (coordinate unit vector)
$K$ ${\ displaystyle K}$	Kaona ( English k aons ), thermodynamic equilibrium constant , coefficient of electronic thermal conductivity of metals , compression modulus , mechanical momentum , Josephson constant , kinetic energy
$k$ ${\ displaystyle k}$	Coefficient ( German K oeffizient ), Boltzmann constant , thermal conductivity , wave number , unit vector (coordinate unit vector)
$L$ ${\ displaystyle L}$	Moment of momentum , range, specific heat of vaporization and condensation , inductance , Lagrange function ( English L agrangian ), classical Langevin function ( English L angevin function ), Lorentz number ( English L orenz number ), sound pressure level , Laguerre polynomials ( English L aguerre polynomials ), orbital quantum number , energy brightness , brightness ( English l uminance )
$l$ ${\ displaystyle l}$	Length ( eng. L ength ), mean free path ( eng. L ength ), orbital quantum number , radiation length
$M$ ${\ displaystyle M}$	Moment of force , mass ( lat. M assa , from other Greek μᾶζα , piece of dough ), magnetization vector ( eng. M agnetization ), torque , Mach number , mutual inductance , magnetic quantum number , molar mass
$m$ ${\ displaystyle m}$	Mass , magnetic quantum number ( English m agnetic quantum number ), magnetic moment ( English m agnetic moment ), effective mass , mass defect , Planck mass
$N$ ${\ displaystyle N}$	Quantity ( lat. N umerus ), Avogadro constant , Debye number , total radiation power , increase in optical device , concentration , power , normal reaction force
$n$ ${\ displaystyle n}$	Refractive index , amount of matter , normal vector , unit vector , neutron ( eng. N eutron ), amount ( eng. N umber ), fundamental quantum number , rotation frequency , concentration , polytropic exponent , Loshmidt constant
$O$ ${\ displaystyle O}$	Origin ( lat. O rigo )
$P$ ${\ displaystyle P}$	Power ( Latin p otestas ), pressure ( Latin p ressūra ), Legendre polynomials , weight ( French p oids ), gravity , probability ( Latin p robabilitas ), polarizability , transition probability , momentum (also a 4-pulse , generalized impulse ; lat.p etere )
$p$ ${\ displaystyle p}$	Momentum (also 4-momentum , generalized momentum ; lat. P etere ), proton ( eng. P roton ), dipole moment , wave parameter , pressure, number of poles, density.
$Q$ ${\ displaystyle Q}$	Electric charge ( English q uantity of electricity ), amount of heat ( English q uantity of heat ), volumetric flow , generalized force , refrigerating capacity, radiation energy , light energy , quality factor ( English q uality factor ), zero Abbe invariant , quadrupole electric moment ( English q uadrupole moment ), energy of a nuclear reaction
$q$ ${\ displaystyle q}$	Electric charge , generalized coordinate , quantity of heat ( English q uantity of heat ), effective charge , quality factor
$R$ ${\ displaystyle R}$	Electrical resistance ( r esistance ), universal gas constant , Rydberg constant ( von R ydberg constant ), von Klitzing constant , reflection coefficient , radiation resistance ( r esistance ), resolution ( r esolution ), luminosity , mileage particles distance
$r$ ${\ displaystyle r}$	Radius ( lat. R adius ), radius vector , radial polar coordinate , specific heat of phase transition , specific refraction ( lat. R ēfractiō ), distance
$S$ ${\ displaystyle S}$	Surface area ( English s urface area ), entropy ^[4] , action , spin ( English s pin ), spin quantum number ( English s pin quantum number ), strangeness ( English s trangeness ), Hamilton main function , matrix s scattering matrix , evolution operator , Poynting vector
$s$ ${\ displaystyle s}$	Moving ( Italian s postamento ), strange quark ( English s trange quark ), path , space-time interval ( English s pacetime interval ), optical path length
$T$ ${\ displaystyle T}$	Temperature ( lat. T emperātūra ), period ( lat. T empus ), kinetic energy , critical temperature , term , half-life , critical energy , isospin
$t$ ${\ displaystyle t}$	Time ( Latin t empus ), true quark ( English t rue quark ), truthfulness ( English t ruth ), Planck time
$U$ ${\ displaystyle U}$	Internal energy , potential energy , Umov vector , Lennard-Jones potential, Morse potential , 4-speed , electric voltage
$u$ ${\ displaystyle u}$	Upper quark ( eng. U p quark ), speed , mobility , specific internal energy , group velocity
$V$ ${\ displaystyle V}$	Volume ( French v olume ), voltage ( English v oltage ), potential energy , visibility of the interference band , Verdet constant ( English V erdet constant )
$v$ ${\ displaystyle v}$	Speed ( lat. V ēlōcitās ), phase speed , specific volume
$W$ ${\ displaystyle W}$	Mechanical work ( English w ork ), work function , W-boson , energy , atomic nucleus binding energy , power
$w$ ${\ displaystyle w}$	Speed , energy density , internal conversion rate , acceleration
$X$ ${\ displaystyle X}$	Resistance , longitudinal magnification , X-boson
$x$ ${\ displaystyle x}$	Variable , displacement , abscissa (Cartesian coordinate) , molar concentration , anharmonicity constant , distance
$Y$ ${\ displaystyle Y}$	Hypercharge , power function , linear increase , spherical functions , Y-boson
$y$ ${\ displaystyle y}$	ordinate (Cartesian coordinate)
$Z$ ${\ displaystyle Z}$	Impedance , Z-boson , atomic number or charge number of a nucleus ( German Ordnungs z ahl ), partition function ( German Z ustandssumme ), Hertz vector , valency , total electrical resistance (impedance) , angular increase , wave resistance of a vacuum
$z$ ${\ displaystyle z}$	applicate (Cartesian coordinate)

Multiple Letter Designations

To indicate some quantities, sometimes several letters are used or individual words or abbreviations are used. So, a constant value in the formula is often denoted as $\operatorname {const}$ ${\ displaystyle \ operatorname {const}}$ . The differential is indicated by a lowercase letter $d$ ${\ displaystyle d}$ before the name of the quantity, for example $d x$ ${\ displaystyle dx}$ .

Latin names of mathematical functions and operations that are often used in physics:

Symbol	Value
$\operatorname {div}$ ${\ displaystyle \ operatorname {div}}$	divergence
$\operatorname {grad}$ ${\ displaystyle \ operatorname {grad}}$	gradient
$\lim$ ${\ displaystyle \ lim}$	limit
$\operatorname {rect}$ ${\ displaystyle \ operatorname {rect}}$	rectangular function
$\operatorname {rot}$ ${\ displaystyle \ operatorname {rot}}$	rotor
$\operatorname {sgn}$ ${\ displaystyle \ operatorname {sgn}}$ , $\operatorname {sign}$ ${\ displaystyle \ operatorname {sign}}$	Signum function
$\operatorname {sinc}$ ${\ displaystyle \ operatorname {sinc}}$	sinc function

Greek Alphabet

Large Greek letters, which in writing are similar to Latin ( $\mathrm {A} ,\mathrm {B} ,\mathrm {E} ,\mathrm {Z} ,\mathrm {H} ,\mathrm {I} ,\mathrm {K} ,\mathrm {M} ,\mathrm {N} ,\mathrm {O} ,\mathrm {P} ,\mathrm {T} ,\Upsilon ,\mathrm {X}$ ${\ displaystyle \ mathrm {A}, \ mathrm {B}, \ mathrm {E}, \ mathrm {Z}, \ mathrm {H}, \ mathrm {I}, \ mathrm {K}, \ mathrm {M} , \ mathrm {N}, \ mathrm {O}, \ mathrm {P}, \ mathrm {T}, \ Upsilon, \ mathrm {X}}$ ) are used very rarely.

Symbol	Value
$\alpha$ ${\ displaystyle \ alpha}$	Thermal expansion coefficient , alpha particles , angle , fine structure constant , angular acceleration , Dirac matrices , expansion coefficient , polarization , heat transfer coefficient, dissociation coefficient , specific thermoelectromotive force , Mach angle , absorption coefficient , body blackness , attenuation constant
$\beta$ ${\ displaystyle \ beta}$	Angle , beta particles , particle velocity divided by the speed of light , coefficient of quasi-elastic force , Dirac matrix , isothermal compressibility , adiabatic compressibility , attenuation coefficient , angular width of interference fringes , angular acceleration
$\Gamma$ ${\ displaystyle \ Gamma}$	Gamma function , Christopheles symbols , phase space , adsorption value , velocity circulation , energy level width
$\gamma$ ${\ displaystyle \ gamma}$	Angle , Lorentz factor , photon , gamma rays , specific gravity , Pauli matrices , gyromagnetic ratio , thermodynamic pressure coefficient, surface ionization coefficient , Dirac matrices , adiabatic exponent
$\Delta$ ${\ displaystyle \ Delta}$	Change in value (e.g. $\Delta x$ ${\ displaystyle \ Delta x}$ ), Laplace operator , dispersion , fluctuation , degree of linear polarization , quantum defect
$\delta$ ${\ displaystyle \ delta}$	Small movement , Dirac delta function , Kronecker delta
$\varepsilon$ ${\ displaystyle \ varepsilon}$	Electric constant , dielectric constant , angular acceleration , unit antisymmetric tensor , energy , electromotive force , strain tensor
$\zeta$ ${\ displaystyle \ zeta}$	Riemann Zeta Function
$\eta$ ${\ displaystyle \ eta}$	Efficiency , dynamic viscosity coefficient , Minkowski metric tensor , internal friction coefficient , viscosity , scattering phase , eta-meson
$\Theta$ ${\ displaystyle \ Theta}$	Statistical temperature , Curie point , thermodynamic temperature , moment of inertia , Heaviside function
$\theta$ ${\ displaystyle \ theta}$	The angle to the X axis in the XY plane in spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems, potential temperature , Debye temperature , nutation angle , normal coordinate , wetting measure , Kabbibo angle, Weinberg angle
$\kappa$ ${\ displaystyle \ kappa}$	Extinction coefficient , adiabatic exponent , magnetic susceptibility of the medium , paramagnetic susceptibility
$\Lambda$ ${\ displaystyle \ Lambda}$	Cosmological constant , Legendre operator , lambda baryon
$\lambda$ ${\ displaystyle \ lambda}$	Wavelength , specific heat of fusion , linear density , average mean free path , Compton wavelength , eigenvalue of the operator , Gell-Mann matrix
$\mu$ ${\ displaystyle \ mu}$	Friction coefficient , dynamic viscosity , magnetic permeability , magnetic constant , chemical potential , Bohr magneton , muon , elevated mass , molar mass , Poisson's ratio , nuclear magneton
$\nu$ ${\ displaystyle \ nu}$	Frequency , neutrino , kinematic coefficient of viscosity , stoichiometric coefficient , amount of substance , Larmor frequency , vibrational quantum number
$\Xi$ ${\ displaystyle \ Xi}$	Grand canonical ensemble , xi-hyperon
$\xi$ ${\ displaystyle \ xi}$	Coherence length , refrigeration coefficient, Darcy coefficient
$\Pi$ ${\ displaystyle \ Pi}$	Product operator , Peltier coefficient , Poynting vector
$\pi$ ${\ displaystyle \ pi}$	The number of pi (3,14159 ...) , pi-connection , pi-meson , parity
$\rho$ ${\ displaystyle \ rho}$	Resistivity , density , charge density , radius in the polar coordinate system , spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems, density matrix , probability density
$\Sigma$ ${\ displaystyle \ Sigma}$	Summation operator , sigma hyperon
$\sigma$ ${\ displaystyle \ sigma}$	Electrical conductivity , mechanical stress (measured in Pa), Stefan – Boltzmann constant , surface density , surface charge density , reaction cross section , sigma coupling , sector velocity , surface tension coefficient , specific photoconductivity , differential scattering cross section , screening constant , thickness , matrix Pauli
$\tau$ ${\ displaystyle \ tau}$	Life time , tau lepton , time interval, period , linear charge density , Thomson coefficient , coherence time , Pauli matrix (for isospin), tangential vector
$\Upsilon$ ${\ displaystyle \ Upsilon}$	Ipsilon meson
$\Phi$ ${\ displaystyle \ Phi}$	Magnetic flux , electric bias flux , work function , Rayleigh dissipative function , Gibbs free energy , wave energy flux , lens optical power , radiation flux , light flux , magnetic flux quantum
$\phi$ ${\ displaystyle \ phi}$	Angle , electrostatic potential , phase , wave function , angle, gravitational potential , function , Golden section , field potential of mass forces
$\mathrm {X}$ ${\ displaystyle \ mathrm {X}}$
$\chi$ ${\ displaystyle \ chi}$	Rabi frequency , thermal diffusivity , dielectric susceptibility , spin wave function
$\Psi$ ${\ displaystyle \ Psi}$	Wave function , interference aperture
$\psi$ ${\ displaystyle \ psi}$	Heating coefficient, relative humidity , wave function , function , current function
$\Omega$ ${\ displaystyle \ Omega}$	Ohm , solid angle , number of possible states of the statistical system, omega-hyperon , angular precession velocity , molecular refraction , cyclic frequency , density parameter of the Universe
$\omega$ ${\ displaystyle \ omega}$	Angular frequency , omega-meson , state probability , Larmor precession frequency , Bohr frequency , current velocity

Cyrillic

Cyrillic letters are now very rarely used to denote physical quantities, although they were partially used in the Russian-language scientific tradition. One example of the use of the Cyrillic letter in modern international scientific literature is the designation of the Lagrange invariant by the letter G. The Dirac crest is sometimes denoted by the letter Ш , since the function graph is visually similar to the shape of the letter.

Special Characters

Symbol	Value
≪	much less
≫	a lot more
∼	equal in order of magnitude
∝	proportionally
$\nabla$ ${\ displaystyle \ nabla}$	Hamilton operator
$\nabla \cdot$ ${\ displaystyle \ nabla \ cdot}$	divergence
$\nabla \times$ ${\ displaystyle \ nabla \ times}$	rotor
$\square$ ${\ displaystyle \ square}$	dalambertian
$\times$ ${\ displaystyle \ times}$	vector product
$\otimes$ ${\ displaystyle \ otimes}$	tensor product
$\partial$ ${\ displaystyle \ partial}$	private derivative
$\hbar$ ${\ displaystyle \ hbar}$	reduced Planck constant
!	factorial
$A\!\!\!/$ ${\ displaystyle A \! \! \! /}$	Feynman slash notation
$\wedge$ ${\ displaystyle \ wedge}$	external work
$\int _{a}^{b}$ ${\ displaystyle \ int _ {a} ^ {b}}$	integral a to b
$\oint _{C}$ ${\ displaystyle \ oint _ {C}}$	contour integral
Ø	diameter

Brackets

In parentheses indicate one or more variables on which the physical quantity depends. For example, $f(x,y)$ ${\ displaystyle f (x, y)}$ means that some quantity is a function of ( $f$ ${\ displaystyle f}$ ) quantities $x$ ${\ displaystyle x}$ and $y$ ${\ displaystyle y}$ .

Symbol	Value
$[\mathbf {u} ,\mathbf {v} ]$ ${\ displaystyle [\ mathbf {u}, \ mathbf {v}]}$	vector product , commutator between two operators , Paerls bracket
$(\mathbf {u} ,\mathbf {v} )$ ${\ displaystyle (\ mathbf {u}, \ mathbf {v})}$	scalar product
$\langle n\|{\hat {A}}\|m\rangle$ ${\ displaystyle \ langle n \| {\ hat {A}} \| m \ rangle}$ , $\langle u\rangle$ ${\ displaystyle \ langle u \ rangle}$	sconce and ket notation , average
$\{u,v\}$ ${\ displaystyle \ {u, v \}}$	Poisson brackets
$\|u\|$ ${\ displaystyle \| u \|}$	module
$\\|u\\|$ ${\ displaystyle \ \| u \ \|}$	norm

Diacritical Marks

Diacritical signs are added to the symbol of a physical quantity to indicate certain differences. Below, diacritics are added as an example to the letter x .

Symbol	Value
${\dot {x}}$ ${\ displaystyle {\ dot {x}}}$	first time derivative
${\ddot {x}}$ ${\ displaystyle {\ ddot {x}}}$	second time derivative
$x^{\prime }$ ${\ displaystyle x ^ {\ prime}}$	first derivative
$x^{\prime \prime }$ ${\ displaystyle x ^ {\ prime \ prime}}$	second derivative
${\vec {x}}$ ${\ displaystyle {\ vec {x}}}$	vector quantity
${\bar {x}}$ ${\ displaystyle {\ bar {x}}}$	mean , antiparticle , complex conjugate
${\hat {x}}$ ${\ displaystyle {\ hat {x}}}$	operator
${\tilde {x}}$ ${\ displaystyle {\ tilde {x}}}$	emphasizes the difference between the value and the previously accepted
${\hat {x}}^{}$ ${\ displaystyle {\ hat {x}} ^ {}}$	pairing operator
${\hat {x}}^{\dagger }$ ${\ displaystyle {\ hat {x}} ^ {\ dagger}}$	hermit pairing operator
Å	angstrom

Subscripts and Superscripts

Designations of physical quantities often have lower, upper, or both indices. Usually, a subscript denotes a characteristic feature of a quantity, for example, its serial number, type, projection, etc. An upper index denotes a degree , except when the quantity is a tensor .

Graphic notation

Feynman diagram of the birth of an electron - positron pair.

Graphic symbols are used to visualize physical processes and mathematical operations: Feynman diagrams , spin networks, and Penrose graphical notations .

Notes

↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ The designation comes from the treatise of James Maxwell, James Clark Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism Clarendon, Oxford, 1904. The theorist of electromagnetism named the quantities in their equations alphabetically: A, B, C, D, E, F , G, H. In this sequence, A was a vector potential, C was a current, B was a magnetic induction vector, D was an electric induction vector, and H was a magnetic field. Detailed explanation by reference and also in Mark P. Silverman, Waves and Grains, p. 205-206, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1998.
↑ H Is for Enthalpy, Thanks to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Alfred W. Porter
↑ M. Planck: “Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum”, Verhandlungen der Deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft 2 (1900) Nr. 17, S. 237-245, Berlin (vorgetragen am 14. Dezember 1900)
↑ It is possible that the letter S is used to designate as the first letter of the name Sadi Carnot , whom Rudolf Clausius , the first to use the designation, considered the most important researcher in the theory of heat. See: Clausius, Rudolf (1850). On the Motive Power of Heat, and on the Laws which can be deduced from it for the Theory of Heat. Poggendorff's Annalen der Physick, LXXIX (Dover Reprint). ISBN 0-486-59065-8 .

Sources

Yavorsky B. M. Handbook of physics for engineers and university students. - M .: ONIKS, 2006. ISBN 5-488-00330-4 .
Bobylev V.N. Brief etymological dictionary of scientific and technical terms. - Logos, 2004. ISBN 5-94010-211-5 .

Links

[maxwell-1] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ The designation comes from the treatise of James Maxwell, James Clark Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism Clarendon, Oxford, 1904. The theorist of electromagnetism named the quantities in their equations alphabetically: A, B, C, D, E, F , G, H. In this sequence, A was a vector potential, C was a current, B was a magnetic induction vector, D was an electric induction vector, and H was a magnetic field. Detailed explanation by reference and also in Mark P. Silverman, Waves and Grains, p. 205-206, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1998.

[2] H Is for Enthalpy, Thanks to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Alfred W. Porter

[3] M. Planck: “Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum”, Verhandlungen der Deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft 2 (1900) Nr. 17, S. 237-245, Berlin (vorgetragen am 14. Dezember 1900)

[4] It is possible that the letter S is used to designate as the first letter of the name Sadi Carnot , whom Rudolf Clausius , the first to use the designation, considered the most important researcher in the theory of heat. See: Clausius, Rudolf (1850). On the Motive Power of Heat, and on the Laws which can be deduced from it for the Theory of Heat. Poggendorff's Annalen der Physick, LXXIX (Dover Reprint). ISBN 0-486-59065-8 .