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History of Smolensk region

Smolensk region as an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR was formed only in 1937-1938. However, the territory of the region was one of the places of origin of Old Russian statehood. At different times, the territory of the region was part of the Smolensk Principality, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Moscow, the Commonwealth, until the Andrusovo Armistice finally became part of Russia.

Prehistoric Period

Smolensk region is part of the wooded region of the Upper Dnieper. On the slope of the root bank of the Katynka River [1] , north of the railway, patinated flint knife-like plates of the Late Paleolithic were found on the arable land. The final Paleolithic and Early Mesolithic are represented on the multi-layered site of Vyshogor I in the upper Dnieper. Flint flakes and bones of Quaternary animals were found near the village of Yastreby, Velizh District. The final Paleolithic (about 12-10 thousand years ago) is represented by a significant number of finds of flint products on the banks of the Serteiki River in the Velizhsky District and by individual finds on the banks of Lake Kuprinsky and in other places. In the Middle Stone Age, Smolensk was the border of the Neman and Butov cultures. Judging by the materials of Vysehora I and Vysehora III, in the upper Dnieper, related Grengian complexes existed throughout the Mesolithic and only in the late Mesolithic does a population with post-Svider traditions appear here [2] . On the bank of the old channel of the Vopets river (the right tributary of the Dnieper) near the village of Lomeykovo , the remains of the late Neolithic flint workshop were discovered during the study of the Neolithic settlement. The pile site of Sertei VIII dates from 5120 ± 120 years ago. Zizycka archaeological culture of the Late Neolithic (Sertei II) dates from the middle of the 3rd millennium BC [3] [4] [5] . Before the arrival of the Slavs, tribes of the Middle Dnieper culture [6] or tribes of cord ceramics [7] lived here. Bearers of this culture are considered Indo-Europeans. Apparently, on the Upper Dnieper, Indo-Europeans entered into interaction with local hunting tribes, which are at the level of Stone Age technology, and led to the formation of ancient Balts . The burial grounds of cattle breeders of the Fatyanovo culture belong to the Bronze Age [8] .

Dnieper-Dvina culture ( purple color ) in the Smolensk region in the III century

A hybrid character characterizes the spread in the Smolensk region in the I millennium BC. e. Dnieper-Dvinsk culture [9] (settlements of the 4th century Lestrovka, Novosyolki, Novye Bateki, Demidovka [10] ), the distinguishing feature of which was the use of stone axes and hoes with bone tips. A number of historians believe that Herodotus called the bearers of this culture the androphages , i.e., cannibals. Indeed, a distinctive feature of this culture is the complete absence of burials or any funeral rite. Nevertheless, despite some relics of the Stone Age, the bearers of this culture lived in fortified villages consisting of dugouts, were able to make rough clay pots and were engaged in primitive agriculture. The Dnieper-Dvina culture of the early Iron Age includes a sickle-shaped iron knife, found in Smolensk on Vasilyeva Hill in pit 1 on the edge of the Dry Moat [11] .

At the beginning of the Middle Ages ( 4th – 7th centuries), the Tushemlin culture appeared on the territory of the Smolensk region, which became a substrate for the Slavic-Kriviches who moved here from the Baltic [12] . The formation of Tushemlino culture is associated with the great migration of peoples and the penetration from the south of the Celtic-Slavic-Germanic elements of the Zarubinets culture ( Kiev culture ). Fragments of rough stucco ceramics from the Cathedral Hill of Smolensk are identical, according to A. N. Lyavdansky, to ceramics from the Lakhteevsky hillfort on the Moshna River, where it dates from the 5th-7th centuries [10] .

At the turn of the VI – VIII centuries, the Slavic Krivichi appeared in the Smolensk region, who form a single sub-ethnic community with eastern Belarus. The settlement by the Slavic Krivichs of the region came from the north, from the territory of the Pskov region. Funeral rituals are present in the form of long mounds [13] (the burial grounds of Kolodnya, Vyazovenka, Zaborye, Kupniki, Sozh, Kushlyanshchina [10] ). After the turn of the 8th and 9th centuries, tribes of the round barrow culture that came from the south, characteristic of the eastern Slavs, began to settle in the Smolensk Dnieper Dnieper [10] .

The lunar temporal rings of the “nitran type” found in the Gnezdovo mounds testify to the familiarity of the Gnezdovo masters with the Great Moravian jewelry tradition [14] . Findings in Gnezdovo of rings with a cluster of pendants, radial temporal rings (the border of the 9th – 10th centuries), early pottery ceramics (20-30s of the 10th century) testify to the migration of groups of the Slavic population from the Danube lands ( Moravia ) to the Upper Dnieper region captured by the Hungarians [15] [16] .

Old Russian period

The city of Smolensk emerged as the center of the union of the Krivichi tribes, the first mention is found in the Ustyuzhny (Arkhangelogorodsky) annalistic vault for 863 , when Askold and Deer walked around the city from Novgorod to Constantinople , as the city was greatly fortified and crowded. The intermediaries of the integration of the Krivichy into the Old Russian state were the Varangians, whose traces are kept by the Gnezdovsky mounds . In 882, the city ​​was captured and annexed to the Old Russian State by Prince Oleg , who transferred it to Prince Igor , from whose infancy the power in the city was exercised by governors and squads , and general control was carried out from Kiev . Thanks to the Slavic-Varangian aristocracy, the Krivichy union of tribes took shape in the Principality of Smolensk. In the north, it bordered with Novgorod land , in the south with Chernigov lands , in the west with Polotsk , and in the east with Vladimir .

When excavating burial mound No. 13 in the Gnezdov Forest Group on an earthenware trough (jug), the oldest known Old Russian Cyrillic inscription dating from the second quarter to the middle of the 10th century was found [17] .

In the area of ​​Shkolnaya and Metallistov streets in Smolensk and Gnezdovo, numerous artifacts characteristic of the culture of the long Smolensk mounds were revealed [18] [19] . On Malaya Shkolnaya Street on Cathedral Hill in Smolensk, there is a cultural layer dating from the 9th – 10th centuries [20] . In a pit on the edge of a ravine in the territory of the Trinity Monastery on Bolshaya Sovetskaya Street, grains of cereals (most likely barley) were found in ancient horizons. These layers date back to the VIII - beginning of the X century [21] . On the slope of the Vasilyevsky Mountain near the Trinity Monastery, molded ceramics made without a pottery wheel were found. It is older than the beginning of the X century. This settlement at the end of the first millennium had an area of ​​more than 3 hectares [22] .

Findings of stucco and early-circular ceramics found in a number of pits on Sobornaya Gora, in Zadniprovye and on the right bank of the Pyatnitsky stream near its mouth indicate that a rural settlement existed on this site in the beginning of the X - XI centuries . At the same time, a chronological gap was revealed - in Smolensk there are practically no materials of the second half of the 10th century, during which Gnezdov flourished [18] .

The territory of Smolensk in the second half of the 11th century extended from Malaya Rachevka in the east to Pyatnitsky stream in the west and the upper reaches of the Smoligov ravine in the south. The size of the city of this time, stretched along the Dnieper , was 1 × 2 km [23] .

 
Principality of Smolensk in the 13th century ( yellow color )

New Smolensk and the scale of its political significance were rather modest compared to the early city center in Gnezdovo . After the establishment of the Principality of Smolensk in 1054, the youngest and fastest dying sons of Yaroslav the Wise, Vyacheslav and Igor , who could not be independent political figures, were put on the Smolensk table one after the other, and after Igor’s death in 1060 in Smolensk no less than 15 years was the prince [24] [25] . According to the finds of fragments of plinths of the 11th – 12th centuries on Bolshaya Sovetskaya Street in Smolensk, it can be assumed that there was a brick building [21] .

In the XII century, the independent Smolensk Grand Duchy experienced its heyday, while occupying most of the territory of the Smolensk region. In the Kovsharsky settlement not far from Smolensk, type 4 was found [26] . Tatar-Mongol hordes did not reach Smolensk, but since 1274 he has been recognizing vassal dependence on the Golden Horde. In the XIV century, Smolensk Prince Ivan with the help of Lithuanians gets rid of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. As a result, the Moscow-Ryazan-Tatar army invades the Smolensk lands in 1340. The Smolensk princes fluctuate between Lithuania and Moscow. In 1348, Smolensk warriors cross swords with crusaders at the Battle of Strev . In 1368 and 1370, the Smolensk rati participated in Olgerd’s campaigns in Moscow, but the intervention of the Orthodox Church forced the princes of Smolensk to take the pro-Moscow position. Smolyans shoulder to shoulder with the Muscovites fought in the Battle of Kulikovo. In 1395, Vitovt stormed Smolensk for the first time and put Prince Bryan Roman on the throne. In 1399, Smolensk regiments together with the Lithuanians smash the Mongol-Tatars in Vorskla .

As part of Lithuania

In July 1404, the Lithuanian prince Vitovt captured Smolensk and put an end to his independence [27] . In 1410, the Smolensk regiments, together with the Lithuanians, participated in the battle with the German knights . In the years 1440-1442, Smolensk temporarily deposed itself from Lithuania in the events known as the Smolensk Memorial . In 1404, the Siege of Smolensk continued for two months by a large army of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas. The city of Kozlov was first mentioned in the early 1440s.

During the Battle of Vedrosh in 1500 in the Smolensk region, Russian troops defeated the Lithuanians. In 1514, Smolensk , and later other Smolensk lands, passed to the Russian state .

In 1610, the battle of Klushin took place on Smolensk land, as a result of which the Polish troops were opened the way to Moscow. After the liberation of Moscow from the Poles, Prince Vladislav made no attempt to take the Russian throne and in 1617 he chose Smolensk as the base for his campaign in Moscow . After the Time of Troubles , according to the Deuli Armistice of 1618, the Smolensk land passed to the Commonwealth . The Smolensk gentry began to form. During the Smolensk war (1632-1634), Russia was not able to regain the Smolensk lands.

As part of the Russian state

Finally, Smolensk land became part of Russia in 1654 [28] as a result of the Russo-Polish war .

Smolensk province was formed in 1708 . In the 18th century, Hasidic Jews moved to the Smolensk region and created the spiritual center of Chabad . In 1812, hordes of Napoleon rushed through Moscow to Smolensk, so one of the first battles on Russian soil took place here, in which the French managed to prevail.

By the time of the abolition of serfdom (1861), the province occupied the first place in the Russian Empire in the percentage of serfs (69.07%) [29] .

At the end of the 19th century, industrialization swept the region. In 1868, a car repair plant was established in Roslavl, and in 1870 Smolensk was connected to Moscow by rail .

Soviet period

On December 30 - 31, 1918, the Belarusian Provisional Revolutionary Workers 'and Peasants' Government, headed by D.F. Zhilunovich, was created in Smolensk . On January 1, 1919, the Provisional Revolutionary Government issued a manifesto proclaiming the formation of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus . On January 5, 1919, the government moved to Minsk occupied by the red parts, which became the capital of the republic; the territory of the Smolensk region was not included in its composition and remained in the RSFSR .

By a decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR , on October 1, 1929, the Western Region was formed with its center in Smolensk , which included the territories of Smolensk , Bryansk and Kaluga provinces , part of the territory of the Tver and Moscow provinces and Velikoluksky district of the Leningrad Region . In the 1920s In Smolensk, an aircraft manufacturing plant was built.

By a resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on September 27, 1937, the Western Region was abolished. From the composition of the Western and Kursk regions, Smolensk, Oryol and Kursk regions were formed. The Smolensk region, with its center in the city of Smolensk, again became an independent territorial-administrative unit within the RSFSR . Initially, the region had 49 districts, then 5 more districts were added before the war.

In 1940, the Katyn shooting of captured Polish officers took place in the region.

In July 1941, the territory of the Smolensk region was invaded by German troops was occupied. On July 16, the 29th motorized division from the Guderian group broke into Smolensk, where stubborn battles broke out with the defenders of the city . On July 1, 1942, the Nazis killed 158 residents of the village of Kasplya-2 on Kukina Gora. In total, during the period of occupation, the Nazis destroyed more than 350 thousand Smolensk, more than 81 thousand were stolen to Germany. [30] September 25, 1943 as a result of the offensive of the Red Army, the territory of the Smolensk region was liberated.

In 1944, 13 districts were transferred from the Smolensk Region to the newly formed Kaluga Region and 3 regions to the Velikolukskaya Region and Smolensk Region acquired modern borders [31] .

After the war, industrialization continued, there appeared enterprises for the production of electric motors .

In 1968, the city of Gzhatsk was renamed Gagarin .

In 1976, construction of the Smolensk NPP was started.

At the end of the 1980s, agriculture remained the leading industry in the Smolensk region, while people from rural areas numerically dominated the government. So, 54.9% of the deputies of the Smolensk Regional Council elected on March 26, 1989 worked in agriculture [32] .

The war in Afghanistan had a significant impact on the region - thousands of Smolensk fought in Afghanistan, dozens of them died. In 1988, 37 people with disabilities lived in the Smolensk region, 156 wounded in the war, 87 families of dead military personnel, as well as 2672 participants in the Afghan war [33] .

By the beginning of Perestroika, the Smolensk region was a calm region. In 1969-1987, the region was actually headed by the first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU, I. E. Klimenko . The positions of the CPSU in the region were very strong. In 1986, 81800 people were in the CPSU in the Smolensk region, and 138 729 people in the Komsomol . [34] . Under the influence of the glasnost policy, only in 1988 did discussion clubs appear in the Smolensk region, moreover, they were often created under party committees (for example, in Desnogorsk ) [35] . In December 1988, the Argument discussion club arose at the Smolensk State Pedagogical Institute , which included university teachers and students (including from the GDR ) [36] . Since 1989, the first oppositional public informal organizations appeared in the region.In July 1989, an initiative group “For the Smolensk Popular Front” was created in Smolensk [36] . This organization in December of the same year supported the Interregional Deputy Group and criticized the Smolensk regional committee of the CPSU [37] . On February 25, 1990, the Smolensk Popular Front held a rally in the regional center under the Russian tricolor flag, which gathered about 8 thousand people [38] . In April of the same year, the Smolensk Popular Front began publishing its Skhod newspaper, but only 6 issues were issued [38] . On August 24, 1990, the Smolensk Popular Front was officially registered [39] . Это была первая общественная организация области, которая открыто заявила о своей оппозиционности КПСС. Однако Смоленский народный фронт оказался очень слаб. Уже в 1990 году из него вышел ряд членов, а в июне 1991 года он стал учредителем Смоленской городской организации «Демократическая Россия» [40] . 24 апреля 1991 года было зарегистрировано смоленское отделение « Демократическая Россия » [41] . В 1990—1991 годах в Смоленской области возникли небольшие отделения новых оппозиционных советских партий — Ершичская территориальная организация Социал-демократической партии России , смоленские отделения Свободной демократической партии России , Республиканской партии России , Российского христианско-демократического движения , Православно-патриотической партии России , сычевское отделение Партии конституционных демократов [42] .

Выступление ГКЧП в августе 1991 года не было поддержано смоленскими организациями КПСС. Только два районных комитета КПСС (Холм-Жирковский и Ершичский) приняли решения в поддержку ГКЧП [43] . При этом Смоленскому областному комитету КПСС ЦК КПСС 20 августа 1991 года перечислило 3,2 млн руб. [44] . Вообще областной комитет располагал огромными денежными средствами по сравнению с подчинёнными ему районными и городскими комитетами. Счета партийных органов находились в коммерческом банке «Днепр», где на 12 сентября 1991 года у Смоленского обкома было 7 млн 163 тыс. руб., а у городского комитета КПСС Смоленска менее 41 тыс. руб. [45]

Не поддержали ГКЧП и областные органы власти. Их позиция была двойственной. Президиум Смоленского областного совета народных депутатов 20 августа 1991 года принял «Обращение президиума областного совета народных депутатов к населению области», в котором осудил ГКЧП [46] . В тот же день Смоленский облисполком проинформировал Контрольное управление президента РСФСР о том, что он исполняет президентские указы [47] . Однако Президиум Областного совета народных депутатов не стал пресекать распространение документов ГКЧП и некоторые районные газеты печатали их до 22 августа 1991 года [48] .

Современность

После распада СССР в Смоленской области наметилась тенденция к вымиранию населения [49] . Убыль населения в год составляет 8 тыс. человек [50] . Приходит в упадок сельское хозяйство: около 60% пахотных земель не обрабатывается. Сельхозпродукция импортируется из соседней Белоруссии [51] . Вместе с этим наблюдается процесс роста мусульманского населения [52] . Появились на Смоленщине и мормоны [53]

See also

  • История Смоленска
  • Список смоленских наместников
  • Русско-литовские войны
  • Список переименованных населённых пунктов Смоленской области

Literature

  • Шмидт Е. А. Кривичи Смоленского Поднепровья и Подвинья (в свете археологических данных). Смоленск: 2012. ISBN: 978-5-902093-50-3

Notes

  1. ↑ Катынь (недоступная ссылка)
  2. ↑ Синицына Г. В. , Лаврушин Ю. А. , Спиридонова Е. А. Геоархеологические объекты финального палеолита: Баранова гора, Подол III/1, Вышегора I на великом водоразделе Волги и Днепра // Феномен геоархеологической многослойности Байкальской Сибири. 100 лет Байкальской научной археологии: материалы Всерос. науч. конф., посвящ. 100-летию со дня открытия Б. Э. Петри Улан-Хады. Евразия в кайнозое. Стратиграфия, палеоэкология, культуры. Vol. 1. Ир- кутск. 2012б.
  3. ↑ Сертейский археологический комплекс
  4. ↑ Е. М. Чекунова , Н. В. Ярцева , М. К.Чекунов , А. Н. Мазуркевич . «Первые результаты генотипирования коренных жителей и человеческих костных останков из археологических памятников Верхнего Подвинья». С. 287-294. Таблица на с. 294. // Археология озёрных поселений IV—II тыс. до н. э.: хронология культур и природно-климатические ритмы. — СПб.: ООО «Периферия», 2014.
  5. ↑ Е. С. Ткач . Влияние культур шнуровой керамики на материальную культуру населения Ловатско-Двинского междуречья (III - начало II тыс. до н. э.) (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 15 августа 2015. Архивировано 9 апреля 2015 года.
  6. ↑ Происхождение славян Архивная копия от 19 марта 2012 на Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Днепро-двинская культура
  8. ↑ Р. Доманский . Горнило народов // Наука и жизнь, № 7 1999.
  9. ↑ Первые поселения на Гжатской земле (предыстория гжатских деревень) Архивная копия от 26 января 2012 на Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Шмидт Е. А. О времени возникновения города Смоленска / Материалы научно-практической конференции «Музей вчера, сегодня, завтра» // ОГБУК «Смоленский государственный музей-заповедник», «Музейный вестник», выпуск VI. Смоленск, 2012, стр. 139-149
  11. ↑ In the footsteps of A.N. Lyavdansky (works of the Smolensk expedition of the IA RAS in Smolensk)
  12. ↑ Historical lands of Ancient Russia and East Slavic tribal formations
  13. ↑ Formation of Smolensk-Polotsk Krivichi
  14. ↑ Sedov V.V. Ancient Russian nationality, 1999.
  15. ↑ Zotsenko V.N. Gnezdovo in the system of relations of the Middle Dnieper IX-XI centuries., P. 122., 2001.
  16. ↑ Petrukhin V. Ya. Gnezdovo between Kiev, Birka and Moravia (Some aspects of a comparative analysis), 2001.
  17. ↑ Nefedov V. S. The archaeological context of the “oldest Russian inscription” from Gnezdovo // Gnezdovo. 125 years of study of the monument. Proceedings of the GIM. Issue 124.M., 2001.S. 65.
  18. ↑ 1 2 “The archaeological potential of Smolensk is far from exhausted”
  19. ↑ Eniosova N.V. Decoration of the culture of Smolensk-Polotsk long mounds from excavations in Gnezdovo // Archeology and History of Pskov and the Pskov Land: materials of scientific. seminar, 2001. Pskov. - S. 207-219.
  20. ↑ The construction of a bath in Smolensk turned into a sensational discovery for archaeologists
  21. ↑ 1 2 Scientists argued about the antiquity of Gnezdov and Smolensk , July 21, 2017
  22. ↑ Archaeologists of the Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences talked about findings in Smolensk
  23. ↑ Discoveries of the Smolensk Expedition, IA RAS
  24. ↑ Nefyodov V.S. Early stages of political genesis on the territory of Smolensk land (end of IX - first half of XI century), 2012
  25. ↑ Alekseev L.V. Smolensk land in the 9th – 13th centuries M, 1980.
  26. ↑ Ovchinnikova B. B. Pisala-stylos of ancient Novgorod. X - XV centuries. (archaeological spring) , 2000
  27. ↑ I.I. Orlovsky, "Smolensk and its walls", 1902 (inaccessible link)
  28. ↑ According to the article “Smolensk Province” (inaccessible link) in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron.
  29. ↑ “Derivation of serf interest in the Empire” “Serf population of Russia according to the 10th census of the people”
  30. ↑ As in Smolensk under the German ... the performances were staged
  31. ↑ History of the administrative position of Velizh
  32. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015 .-- S. 116-117. Access Mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  33. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - S. 178. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  34. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - P. 83, 227. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  35. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - P. 145. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  36. ↑ 1 2 Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - P. 144. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  37. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015 .-- S. 148-149. Access Mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  38. ↑ 1 2 Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - P. 150. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  39. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - S. 151. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  40. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - S. 152. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  41. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015 .-- S. 158-159. Access Mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  42. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015 .-- S. 160-166. Access Mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  43. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - P. 61. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  44. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - P. 121. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  45. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - P. 120. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  46. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - P. 106. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  47. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015. - P. 107. Access mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  48. ↑ Ivanov A. M. Socio-political processes in the Smolensk region during the period of Perestroika (1985-1991). The dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Bryansk, 2015 .-- S. 108-109. Access Mode: http://istsovet-brgu.ru/?page_id=471
  49. ↑ Smolensk region is among the dying regions (inaccessible link)
  50. ↑ REGION NEWS: THE SMOLENSK REGION DIES OUT, AND ELIMINATION IS FASTER THAN ALL
  51. ↑ Why does the Smolensk village die out?
  52. ↑ The lack of a mosque is one of the main problems of Muslims in the Smolensk region
  53. ↑ Mormons in Smolensk Archived January 26, 2012 on Wayback Machine

Links

  • History of Smolensk region
  • History of Smolensk and Smolensk region
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_Smolensk_region&oldid=101673325


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