Dynamic aphasia

Dynamic aphasia syndrome was first described by Karl Kleist in 1934. He emphasized that with this form of aphasia only spontaneous speech suffers. Kleist adhered to the position of narrow localization , therefore, he mainly talked about the topic of defeat. Later , A.R. Luria dealt with this topic from a different methodological point of view. He also noted that with this form of aphasia, expanded spontaneous speech is mainly disturbed, with the motor and sensory link possible. It can manifest itself to a mild degree or expressive speech (in neuropsychology, expressive speech refers to the process of speaking, it is contrasted with impressive speech, i.e. the process of understanding) completely disintegrates.

The school of A.R. Luria believes that any violation is based on a primary defect, the violation of which leads to certain speech disorders. In this case, the role of such a primary defect is the decay of internal dynamic circuits that control the deployment in time of speech and motor programs. According to A.R. Luria, all this is observed with damage to the premotor zone of the cortex of the left hemisphere. First of all, the internal speech decays, which underlies the expanded speech utterance (first, the internal plan of the utterance is drawn up, and then its implementation, pronunciation of the phrase or text).

With this form of aphasia, there is a defect in the construction of active speech, both oral and written , difficulties in understanding certain types of texts, and the performance of some mental operations. Those types of speech suffer, for the construction of which requires the preparation of an internal plan, a detailed monologic speech, oral and written, an understanding of sufficiently long, complex texts and their retelling. Patients with dynamic aphasia cannot arbitrarily build a statement, they suffer from the grammatical structure of speech, first of all, understanding and updating predicates (verbs) and prepositions, pronouns are difficult, they often use nouns in the nominative case, the use of template phrases is typical. If dynamic aphasia appears in a crude form, then patients are not able to build an elementary statement, give monosyllabic answers to any questions, they try to repeat the words of the question as much as possible, or refuse to answer at all. There is a disautomatization of the understanding of complex speech structures, i.e. the patient needs to pronounce a phrase or external help in the form of clarification, special intonation of the text when reading, etc.

The syndrome of dynamic aphasia in the framework of the school of domestic neuropsychology was first described by A. R. Luria, now this term is adopted and used by some Western scientists ^[1] Dynamic aphasia occurs when the prefrontal region of the left hemisphere of the brain is affected.

Dynamic aphasia can be diagnosed by compiling a story using a plot picture, compiling a story using a series of pictures, presenting a read passage of a text, and writing on a given topic. In this case, the patient can repeat the phonemes , words and phrases, name, play reinforced speech stamps (sayings, poetic lines, speech stereotypes), ordinary speech is preserved (they can list the days of the week and months, count from one to ten).

The following techniques were used to restore the dynamics of speech and thinking of patients:

1. Planning a story using a series of sequential pictures
2. Providing the patient with a dictionary of transitional phrases, which included formulations such as “once”, “when”, “while”, etc.
3. Drawing up a card file plan

Also L.S. Tsvetkova conducted experiments with the restoration of the construction of phrases.

• T.V. Akhutina Neuro-linguistic analysis of dynamic aphasia. On the mechanisms of constructing statements. M .: Terevinth, 2002.
• Functions of the frontal lobes of the brain. Edited by E. D. Chomsky, A. R. Luria. Publishing House "Science" Moscow 1982
• Clinical neuropsychology. N.K. Korsakova, L.I. Moskovichute. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2007