Northeast Russia

In the scientific literature, along with the name "North-Eastern Russia" synonymous terms are used . For the period IX — XI centuries. Rostov land , in the XI - the middle of the XII centuries Rostov-Suzdal principality , from the middle. XII - Grand Duchy of Vladimir .

In the chronicles the region was called Suzdal land (the name prevails until the end of the XIII century) and the Grand Duchy of Vladimir (predominant in the subsequent time); in literary monuments, sometimes - the Land of the Land, the Sale (that is, what was "beyond the forest" in relation to the Kiev lands ); in Novgorod chronicles - Nizov land .

At the end of I millennium n. er Finno-Ugric tribes Merya and the whole lived between the rivers Volga and Oka . In the Tale of Bygone Years under the year 859 there is a message that Merya paid tribute to the Varangians . In the 9th — 10th centuries, peaceful Slavic colonization took place (no traces of violence were found) mainly in Kriviches , Ilmenian Slovenes and Vyatichi with a minor participation of the Scandinavians ( Normans ). The last mention of Mary refers to 907 , then this territory is referred to in the main cities as Rostov, and later - Rostov-Suzdal land, that is, the tribal division was replaced by territorial.

The first of the cities that emerged in Zalesie was Rostov , which was mentioned in the chronicles as early as 862 . In 911, Rostov was named among the five largest cities subject to Prince Oleg of Kiev . The governors of Novgorod were sent here first, and after 882 Kiev princes. From 913 to 988 Rostov land is not mentioned in the annals.

In 991, the Rostov diocese was established - one of the oldest in Russia.

The first Prince of Rostov was the son of Vladimir the Holy Yaroslav the Wise at the turn of the X century - XI centuries , the second - Boris Vladimirovich , who was killed in 1015 .

According to the testament of Yaroslav the Wise, Rostov along with other cities of North-Eastern Russia became the possession of his son, Pereyaslavl Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich , who sent his deputies there.

The isolation of the Rostov land occurred during the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky ( 1113 - 1157 ). In 1120, Yuri and his Polovtsi, on behalf of his father, conducted a campaign against the Volga Bulgars . In 1125, Yury Dolgoruky transferred the capital of his possessions to Suzdal ^[2] .

After the death of his elder brother Yuri - Mstislav ( 1132 ) - in Kiev, Yuri, relying on the resources of North-Eastern Russia, defended the interests of the younger Monomakhs in the south, while his main rivals were the sons of Mstislav.

In the 1130s, in agreement with his elder brother Yaropolk Vladimirovich Yury, Rostov Izyaslav Mstislavich gave Rostov for a short period, continuing to manage the other volosts. In 1134, the principality was attacked by Vsevolod and Izyaslav Mstislavich with Novgorod , the battle of Zhdan grief did not reveal the winner. In 1146, Rostislav Yaroslavich Ryazansky invaded Suzdal land, thereby disrupting Yury Dolgoruky’s campaign plan to the south and contributing to the establishment of Izyaslav Mstislavich on the Kiev throne. In 1149 Izyaslav and Rostislav Mstislavichi with Smolensk and Novgorod devastated the Suzdal possessions along the Volga and removed 7,000 prisoners from the principality.

In 1155, the son of Yuri, Andrei Bogolyubsky, left South Russia from his father along with the Vyshgorodskoy icon of the Mother of God to Vladimir , who chose his residence. The plan of Yuri Dolgoruky , according to which his eldest sons were to consolidate in the south, and the younger ones - to rule in Rostov and Suzdal ^[3] , remained unfulfilled.

In 1169, Andrei Yuryevich organized a successful march on Kiev , but for the first time in Old Russian practice he did not rule there, but left his younger brother Gleb as governor. In the historiography of the XVIII — XIX centuries and modern popular literature, this episode is interpreted as the transfer of the capital of Russia from Kiev to Vladimir, although, according to modern concepts, this process was long and finally ended after the Mongol invasion. According to V. Klyuchevsky , Andrei “separated the seniority from the place”. Seniority Andrew recognized in all Russian lands, except Chernigov and Galich. Andrei sought to liken Vladimir to Kiev (in particular in large-scale architectural construction, by building the Assumption Cathedral ) and even try to achieve the establishment of a separate metropolis in his principality. Under his rule, Northeastern Russia was formed as a new dynamic region of the Russian lands and the future core of the modern Russian state.

After the death of Andrew in 1174, Mstislav and Yaropolk Rostislavich, supported by the Smolensk and Ryazan princes, children of the eldest son Yuri Dolgoruky, who died before his father and therefore did not rule, tried to seize power in the principality, but eventually lost the struggle for power to their uncles, Mikhail Yuryevich and Vsevolod Yurevich the Big Nest , supported by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky. The reign of Vsevolod Yuryevich (1176-1212) was the heyday of North-Eastern Russia. His seniority was recognized in all Russian lands, except Chernigov and Polotsk. Ryazan princes paid dearly for helping his opponents: from the end of the XII century, their lands began to be subjected to periodic Vladimir interventions and became dependent on the Vladimir principality.

At the beginning of the XIII century there was a division of the Rostov-Suzdal diocese into Rostov and Vladimir-Suzdal (in the XIV century it was transformed into Suzdal).

The princes of Northeast Russia, starting with Yuri Dolgoruky, tried to control Novgorod using its dependence on the supply of food from Suzdal Opole, with varying success. Since 1231, representatives of the prince of Vladimir’s house in Novgorod ruled the century without breaks in Novgorod. Upon the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest, the Smolensk princes successfully intervened in the struggle for Vladimir's reign between his children (the Lipitskaya Battle of 1216), taking advantage of the struggle of the younger Vsevolodoviches for influence in Novgorod, but soon the Vladimir princes headed the struggle against the Crusaders in the northern Baltics to the charts of the 89-year-old nickname. and their allies in the battle of Kalka (1223) again strengthened their positions in Russia.

Pereyaslavl principality (with the center in Pereyaslavl Yuzhny ), isolated from Kiev in the middle of the XII century, was mainly under the control of the Vladimir princes.

In 1226-1231 there was a collision with the principality of Chernigov . Oleg Kursky was forced to abandon his claims under pressure from the Vladimir troops in favor of his brother-in-law Yuri Vsevolodovich Vladimirsky, Mikhail Chernigovsky , and then Mikhail himself had to abandon the Novgorod reign under military pressure.

After the intervention of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich in the struggle for Kiev in 1236 and implanting them on the reign of Smolensk by Vsevolod Mstislavich in 1239, as well as as a result of repeated Vladimir campaigns against Lithuania (1225, 1239, 1245, 1248), the Smolensk Grand Duchy turned out to be dependent on Vladimir .

In February 1238, North-Eastern Russia was ravaged during the Mongol-Tatar invasion after the defeat of the combined Russian forces in the battle of Kolomna . Fourteen cities were burned, including Vladimir , Moscow , Suzdal , Rostov , Dmitrov , Yaroslavl , Uglich , Pereyaslavl-Zalessky , Tver . On March 4, 1238, a detachment of a temnik of Burundi was able to destroy the newly recruited Vladimir Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir in a camp on the River City , Yuri himself was killed. After the death of Yuri and all his descendants, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich , who came from Kiev (1238), became the prince of Vladimir.

In 1243, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was summoned ^[4] to the Horde and was recognized by the Mongols as the oldest among all Russian princes (“the old prince of all of the Russian language ”) ^[5] . This was a formal act of recognition of the dependence of North-Eastern Russia on the Mongols . After the Mongol invasion, the grand dukes of the Vladimir princes strengthened along with the fact that they did not participate in the large-scale South Russian civil strife before him, that the principality, up to the turn of the 14th-15th centuries, did not have common borders with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , which was expanding into the Russian lands ^{[ 6]} . Regular exploitation of the lands of the great Vladimir reign began after the 1257 census. In 1259, Alexander Nevsky contributed to the census in the non-ravaged Novgorod during the Mongol invasion, thereby strengthening his own positions in it. The chroniclers even began to apply the new phrase Great Principality of Vladimirskoye and Great Novgorod .

In 1262, Tatar tribute collectors ( baskaks ) were killed in Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Pereyaslavl, Yaroslavl and other cities. The punitive campaign was prevented by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Nevsky who set off for the Golden Horde, but he died on his way home in 1263.

Alexander Nevsky was the last prince who reigned directly in Vladimir. After his death, North-Eastern Russia broke up into a dozen of actually independent fiefdoms:

• On the territory of the Kostroma region : Galich and Kostroma
• On the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region : Gorodetsky (created under the son of Alexander Nevsky, Andrew, and later on merged with the Suzdal principality ),
• On the territory of the Moscow region : Dmitrovskoye and Moskovskoye (created in 1263 under the son of Alexander Nevsky, Daniel )
• On the territory of the Yaroslavl region : Pereyaslavskoye , Rostov , Uglich and Yaroslavl .
• On the territory of the Vladimir region : Starodubskoe and Suzdal ,
• On the territory of the Tver region : Tver

One of the princes of the princes received, according to the Khan label, the great reign of Vladimir, which provided him with an advantage over the rest and gave him a formal supremacy. The right to a great reign was entrusted to the offspring of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (the descendants of the elder brother Yaroslav - Konstantin Vsevolodovich were ruled in Rostov, Yaroslavl and Uglich and did not claim great reign). In fact, all the grand dukes directly submitted to the khans of the first Mongolian empire , and from 1266 - the Golden Horde , independently collected tribute in their possessions and sent it to the khan. The first prince of Vladimir, who did not move to the capital, was Yaroslav Yaroslavich of Tver. When it was founded Tver Diocese .

During the reign of Dmitry Alexandrovich , when his younger brother Andrew made a contender for the great reign, and Dmitry’s ally, the Nogai temnik, separated from the Sarai khans, three new destructive invasions occurred in 1281, 1282 and 1293.

In 1299 the residence of the Metropolitan of All Russia was transferred to Vladimir (the transfer of the department was approved by the Patriarchal Council of 1354). After that, for the first time in history, a special Metropolitan of Galicia was formed from the Metropolis of All Russia, which in the Vladimir, Peremyshl, Lutsk, Turov and Kholm eparchies existed intermittently until 1347.

In 1302, the Pereyaslavl-Zalessky principality was bequeathed to childless Ivan Dmitrievich Daniil Alexandrovich of Moscow , but after receiving the label for the great Vladimir Mikhail of Tver became part of the great reign ^[7] . Michael, the first of the princes of Vladimir called the “prince of all Russia”, led his governors to Novgorod by force (temporarily) and defeated Yuri Danilovich Moskovsky and the Horde in the Battle of Bortene (1317), but was soon killed in the Horde.

Prince of Tver, Dmitri Mikhailovich the Terrible Ochi killed Yuri Moskovsky in front of Khan (1325). In 1326, the Metropolitan of All Russia moved from Vladimir to Moscow. After Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy signed a treaty with Novgorod in 1327, Tver was defeated by Horde, Muscovite Ivan Danilovich Kalita and Suzdal Aleksandr Vasilyevich .

In 1328, the great reign of Vladimir was divided: Vladimir and the Volga region were transferred to Suzdal Prince Alexander Vasilyevich, and Nizhny Novgorod and Kostroma received Ivan Danilovich Kalita. After the death of the prince of Suzdal in 1331, all the great reigning passed under the authority of the Moscow prince. In 1341, Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets were separated from the great reign of Vladimir and transferred to the Suzdal princes, who have since begun to be titled as “great”. After the unsuccessful attempt of Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal to establish itself on the Grand Duchy of Vladimir (1359–1363), it constantly belonged to the Moscow princes, who also began to be titled "great".

К правлению Дмитрия Ивановича Московского относятся неудачные попытки великого князя литовского Ольгерда взять Москву и Михаила Александровича Тверского — овладеть владимирским княжением. В 1383 году хан Тохтамыш признал владимирское княжение потомственным владением московских князей, одновременно санкционировав независимость Тверского великого княжества ^[8] . В 1389 году Дмитрий Донской передал великое княжение своему сыну Василию , который 1392 году присоединил к своим владениям Нижегородско-Суздальское великое княжество .

• Юго-Западная Русь
• Северо-Западная Русь
• Великая Русь
• Залесье
• Правители Северо-Восточной Руси
• Список княжеств Северо-Восточной Руси
• Ополье (природный район)
• Политика владимирских князей в Рязанском княжестве
• Новгородские походы владимирских князей
• Междоусобная война в Северо-Восточной Руси (1174—1177)
• Междоусобная война в Северо-Восточной Руси (1212—1216)
• Междоусобная война в Северо-Восточной Руси (1281—1293)
• Формирование территории Русского государства

• Владимирское великое княжество // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.

• СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНАЯ РУСЬ // Большая российская энциклопедия. Электронная версия (2017)
• Кучкин В. А. Формирование государственной территории Северо-Восточной Руси в X — XIV вв / Ответственный редактор академик Б. А. Рыбаков . — М. : Наука , 1984. — 353 с. — 3 700 экз.
• Раздел Княжества на сайте Генеалогия русской знати
• Киевская Русь и русские княжества на Проекте ХРОНОС
• Россия в Средние века и раннее Новое время
• Соловьев С. М. История России с древнейших времён. Том III 1054-1462 г. глава V.
• Горский А. А. Москва и Орда