Rutulsky bekstvo is a Rutulian medieval state formation in the mountains of Dagestan , which existed from the 15th to the 19th centuries. To address important issues, the beks were required to convene a popular assembly. According to some legends, the Rutulian Beks came from the Arabs, according to others - from the Elysian sovereign Beks. There is also a version that the Rutuli beks , starting with the Kazi-bek, were the immediate descendants of the Tarkov shamkhal . [3]
| Historical state | |
| Rutulsky bekstvo | |
|---|---|
←   →XV - 1839 [1] [2] | |
| Capital | Rutul |
| Languages) | Rutul language |
| Religion | Islam |
| Form of government | Monarchy |
Beck education and further history
At the beginning of the 15th century, Rutul and the territories of the present Akhtynsky , Dokuzparinsky , and Kurakhsky districts were part of the Emperor of Ilchi-Akhmad [4] . After his death, Emirism fell apart. It is known that he had a son, Muhammadbek, who received only the southern possessions of the former Emiry. Rutul became the center of another feudal possession [5] , known as Bekstvo. [6]
In the 15th century, their clashes with neighbors and internal strife became more frequent, which may indicate an increasing shortage of land. However, the Rutulians could not make their way down the Samur river, or north, along the Kazikumukh koys; on the contrary, the Shamkhals created two settlements here and subjugated Shinaz . Then the Rutulian Bek rushed south, beyond the Main Caucasian Range [7] . With the support of Iran, the Tsakhurians began to expand their lands at the expense of the Rutulian ones. A similar policy was carried out by the rutul bey. In 1432 , a raid on the territory of the Tsakhur Khanate of the Rutulians in alliance with the Turks was known. Then the allies tried to capture Tsakhur , but everything ended unsuccessfully. Later, the Rutul lands became objects of the aggressive policy of Nutsalstvo and Shamkhalat. [eight]
In 1536 , the Rutulian Beks in alliance with Shamkhalstvo attack, destroy and burn Akhty . In 1541, the Akhtyn Bek , supported by the Derbent ruler, attacked, robbed and burned Rutul . In 1542, the Rutulians , with the support of Cuba , again plundered Akhty . By the end of the 16th century, the Rutulian beks became allies of the Shamkhalov [9] . In 1574, Gazibek, a representative of the Shamkhal dynasty , was established in Rutul [10] . In 1583, Kazibek recognized himself as a vassal of Iran , having received a firman on the board. [9] . The name of this bek is mentioned several times: in 1588, the Turkish sultan Murad III sent Gazibek a letter of confession to him of the khanate. [eleven]
There is evidence that already at the end of the 16th century, the Rutuli Beks had ties with the governments of neighboring countries. So a letter was sent from Shamkhal Tarkovsky to Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich from 1598, in which among the allies of Shamkhal the rutul and Khnov troops were mentioned [12] .
About ten years later, the Persian Shah Abbas invites Gazibek to help the Tsakhur ruler, Mahmedbek. In 1606, Shah Abbas granted Gazibek the village of Nudgushi (also, three Rutul villages appeared behind the main Caucasian ridge. [13] ) . That is, there is evidence that already at the end of the XVI century. Rutuli Beks had connections with the governments of neighboring countries. It is possible that even then Rutul Magal, as a political association of a significant part of the Rutulis, was already possible. And finally, in 1626, the Turkish sultan Murad IV indicates Ibrahim Khan of Rutul to help the Turkish troops, and in 1635 granted him the villages of Nadim and Loytkam. [14]
Rutulsky beks in the 18th-19th centuries
The first mention of Magal dates back to 1728 [15]
In the XVIII century, the structure of Rutulstvo included not only Rutulian, but also Tsakhur , as well as some captured Lezgi villages. The inclusion of Lezgi villages was often forcibly carried out. The legend of the bloody struggle of Rutul with the Lezgi village of Khryug has survived, which the Rutulians subsequently managed to attach to their magal together with other Lezgi villages. At the same time, two Rutulian villages Myukhrek and Ihrek were part of the Kazikumukh Khanate , and the villages of Khnov and Borch were under the rule of Akhtypara . [sixteen]
Rulers
- Kazi-run (pack 1574-pack 1601)
- Ibrahim Khan (UP.1626-UP.1635)
- Gyasan Khan (XIX century)
See also
- Agabek Rutulsky
- Kazibeger - Tukhum of the Rutul Beks
Notes
- ↑ Yuri Andreevich Zhdanov. Encyclopedia of Cultures of the Peoples of the South of Russia: Peoples of the South of Russia. - North Caucasian Scientific. Center for Higher Education, 2005. - Vol. 1. - S. 190. - 244 p.Original text (Russian)In 1839, Rutulsky Magal was annexed to the Yelisu Sultanate. In 1844, after passing to the side of Shamil, the Sultan Daniel-bek from the former Yelisu Sultanate and Rutul Magal, the Yelisu District was formed, consisting of three Muggals: Yelisuy, Rutul and Ingeloy. In the 60s. XIX century Rutulsky Magal was annexed to the Samur district.
- ↑ Alexei Alekseevich Leontiev. Cultures and languages of the peoples of Russia, the CIS and Baltic countries: a training manual. - 2. - Moscow psychological and social. Institute, 1998 .-- S. 250 .-- 309 p. Original text (Russian)In 1839, Rutulsky Magal was annexed to Russia.
- ↑ F.Z. Dashlai. Agabek Rutulsky. The Forgotten Naib of Imam Shamil // Faces of the Caucasus. - Tradition, 2012 .-- S. 450.
- ↑ Magomedov R.M. History of Dagestan: study guide; 8 cl. - Makhachkala: Publishing House of the Research Institute of Pedagogy, 2002 - 133 pages.
- ↑ Magomedov R.M. History of Dagestan: study guide; 8 cl. - Makhachkala: Publishing House of the Research Institute of Pedagogy, 2002 - 133 pages
- ↑ Magomedov R.M. History of Dagestan: study guide; 8 cl. - Makhachkala: Publishing House of the Research Institute of Pedagogy, 2002 - 155 pages.
- ↑ Magomedov R.M. History of Dagestan: study guide; 8 cl. - Makhachkala: Publishing House of the Research Institute of Pedagogy, 2002 - 150 pages.
- ↑ Magomedov R.M. History of Dagestan: study guide; 8 cl. - Makhachkala: Publishing House of the Research Institute of Pedagogy, 2002 - 133 pages.
- ↑ 1 2 Magomedov R. M. History of Dagestan: a Training manual; 8 cl. - Makhachkala: Publishing House of the Research Institute of Pedagogy, 2002 - 155-156 pages
- ↑ Lavrov L.I. Rutults ⁄⁄ in sb. "The peoples of Dagestan." M., 1955.
- ↑ Ramazanov H.Kh., Shikhsaidov A.R. Essays on the history of South Dagestan. Makhachkala, 1964.
- ↑ Soviet Ethnography - Volume 1953 - Page 32, year 1953 Original text (Russian)An indirect confirmation of the existence of the Rutul Magal is the letter of Shamkhal of Tarkovsky to Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich of 1598, in which, among the allied shamkhal of the troops, along with the military forces of the large Dagestan and Azerbaijani khanates and other feudal possessions, the “Rutul army” and “Khnov army” are mentioned 12 It follows that the “Rutul army” also means the militia of not one village of Rutul, but of a larger political entity, which was Rutul Magal.
- ↑ Magomedov R.M. History of Dagestan: study guide; 8 cl. - Makhachkala: Publishing House of the Research Institute of Pedagogy, 2002 - 150 pages
- ↑ Ramazanov H.Kh., Shikhsaidov A.R. Essays on the history of South Dagestan. Makhachkala, 1964.
- ↑ One of the confirmations of the existence of the Rutul Magal in earlier times can be the letter of the Tarkov shamkhal to Tsar Fedor Ivanovich from 1598, in which, among the allied shamkhal of the troops, the Rutul army and the “ Khnov army” are mentioned. In this regard, we can conclude that the “Rutul army” means the militia not only of the village of Rutul , but of a larger political entity, which was Rutul Magal.
- ↑ Peoples of the World. Ethnographic essays. The peoples of the Caucasus . Ed. M.O.Kosven, L.I. Lavrov, G.A. Nersesov, Kh.O. Khashaev / Under the general. ed. S.P. Tolstova . - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1960. - T. 1.
Literature
- Magomedov R.M. History of Dagestan: Textbook; 8 cl. - Makhachkala: Publishing House of the Research Institute of Pedagogy, 2002