Spasm ( other Greek: σπασμός , from σπάω - pull), cramp [1] , cramp, convulsion [2] - involuntary convulsive contraction of a muscle or muscle group, usually accompanied by sharp and aching pain .
| Muscle spasm | |
|---|---|
| ICD-10 | R 25.2 |
| ICD-9 | 728.85 , 780.39 |
| Mesh | D009120 |
Distinguish spasms of striated (skeletal) muscles (for example, with some paralysis ) and smooth muscles - the vascular wall (for example, with angina pectoris ), bronchi (see Bronchial asthma ), esophagus ( cardiospasm ), intestines , etc. Skeletal muscle spasms make it difficult to move. Spasms of smooth muscles disrupt various functions of organs.
Content
The mechanism distinguishes spasms
- epileptic
- non-epileptic
Epileptic ones are caused by the simultaneous discharge of a large population of neurons (hypersynchronous discharge) and serve as a manifestation of various types of convulsive epileptic seizures .
Non-epileptic are diverse in pathogenesis. They may be associated with:
- a nonspecific increase in the excitability of segmental (repercussive convulsions) and suprasegmental (reflex convulsions) structures of the central nervous system ;
- neuronal dysfunction due to anoxia (convulsions during strangulation ) and anoxiaemia (convulsive form of fainting, etc.);
- activation of certain brain structures under the influence of poison / toxin (toxic convulsions);
- dysfunction of neurons under the influence of endocrine, electrolyte and metabolic disorders (for example, tetanic convulsions, convulsions with a deficiency of vitamin B6 , with hypoglycemia );
- a disorder of the mechanisms involved in the organization of sleep (cramp of the eye with postencephalic parkinsonism );
- violation of suprasegmental influences on the segmental apparatus under the influence of psychogenic factors (hysterical convulsions) or organic brain lesions (hormone convulsions), local neurogenic disorders, for example, local muscle cramps.
- with a lack of sodium in the blood due to its loss by the body during perspiration (when working in a heating microclimate) [3] .
Spasms are also divided into:
- tonic cramps - prolonged muscle tension;
- clonic spasms - synchronous jerky muscle contractions, alternating with relaxation.
To denote tonic seizures of certain muscle groups, special terms are used:
- " Trismus " - a cramp of chewing muscles;
- " Blepharospasm " - a spasm of the circular muscles of the eye.
Clonic generalized seizures are sometimes called convulsions.
Along with spasms of striated muscles, spasms of smooth muscles are also known: cardiospasm , pylorospasm .
Cramping in children is especially easy at an early age (which is associated with the features of the development of the brain) under the influence of infections, intoxications and injuries, psychogenic factors, etc.
Treatment
The treatment is based on the correction of the underlying disease in combination with anticonvulsants ( phenobarbital , hexamidine , diphenin ); absolute abstinence from alcohol is important [ Allegedly unauthorized source ] , adherence to sleep patterns.
Muscle cramps, convulsive twitching, hiccups , nervous tic - these manifestations are caused by a deficiency of magnesium . Magnesium blocks the excess influx of calcium into the cells, which prevents the excessive tension of skeletal muscles and smooth muscles , and contributes to their natural relaxation.
Spasm Prevention
Cramps of the calf muscles are one of the most common causes of accidents in the water while swimming or swimming , it is recommended to stretch the leg to prevent cramps, and at the same time pull the toe toward you. It is also recommended to have a pin with which you can pierce the spasm, thereby freeing the muscle from cramps. And you can also carry out exercises to stretch the calf muscle: you need to put your legs so that the knees are in contact, and put the convulsive leg on the heel. Then try to reach the area of the toes with your hands.
Etymology of Terms
The word “convulsion” means “close to trembling (twitching), next to trembling (twitching)” and is etymologically divided into two parts as follows: the prefix su- , related to the modern Russian prefixes “s-” and “co” , as well as the root “Dear-” , akin to the roots of “trembling” and “derg-” . In modern Russian, this word could sound like * a content or * content (such as a comrade, associate, employee )
For comparison, you can cite as an example such words as loam (soil close to clay, but not clay), dusk (state close to darkness (darkness), almost darkness), hustle (state close to crush, crowding) , but not yet crowded), sandy loam (a state close to the sand, but not sand itself).
The word “cramp” Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl defines as “a stronger, longer reduction of muscles, with a warp of members, in contrast to a cramp”
See also
- Neurology
- Angiology
- Crampy Syndrome
Notes
- ↑ Badalyan L.O., Golubeva E.L. Convulsions // Big Medical Encyclopedia : in 30 tons / hl. ed. B.V. Petrovsky . - 3 ed. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1985. - T. 24. Vascular suture - Teniosis . - 544 p. - 150,800 copies.
- ↑ Cramp // Dahl Dictionary .
- ↑ Brenda Jacklich; John Williams Christine Musolin; Aito Koka; Jung-Hyun Kim; Nina Turner et al. NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to heat and hot environments / John Howard, MD. - 3 ed. - Cincinnati, Ohio: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2016 .-- 192 p. - (DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2016-106). There is a translation: PDF Wiki