Literary (codified) German ( German deutsche (kodifizierte) Literatursprache ) is the language of German literature that has been formed throughout the history of the German (High German) language , characterized by strict written and oral norms . The concept of "literary language" ( German: Literatursprache ) can also be contrasted with the concept of "standard language" ( German: Standardsprache ). The first is meant, first of all, the language of literature, free in terms of the choice of means of expression, when the second is codified. The problem of the literary language is one of the most acute problems of German linguistics, since there is still no consensus among philologists on what should be characterized by a common literary German language for all residents of German-speaking states [1] . This article will present only those characteristic features that do not cause significant contradictions among scientists and are recognized by most philologists as true [2] [3] [4] .
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History
The emergence and development of the literary German language, the formation of its norms to this day is one of the most pressing problems in German philology, since the history of the formation of the literary language is closely linked with the history of the formation of the national language . Linking the normalization processes in the language, first of all, one should take into account the difficult linguistic situation in Germany of the Middle Ages and modern times, as well as the features of the development of German literature, urban writing, printing [5] [6] . Acquiring a supra-dialect character, these forms of language, however, were not divorced from dialectal features and could not consider their language as the most “pure” [7] . Under these conditions, the specifics of the formation of a literary language in the 16th – 18th centuries was associated with the choice of a single supra-regional (national) option with uniform standards and the cleansing of the language of borrowings (mainly Italian , French and Latin ) [8] [9] . Separating a single norm from a multitude of dialects was not an easy task, but understanding the need to overcome dialects was obvious. In the work “Buch von der Deutschen Poetery” [8], this “pure language” has already become called “high German” ( German Hochdeutsch ), not tarnished by the dialects “that are spoken incorrectly”.
In the 17th century, the East German dialect began to gain more and more popularity, influencing the formation of the literary language. It was quickly adopted as a written language and, in some cases, as a common everyday language , which allowed it to quickly supplant Low German dialects from literature, although the latter could not disappear under Middle German influence and continued to be widely used in other areas [10] . The beginning of the "East-Middle German expansion" is connected with the activities of Martin Luther , who, even in the early Upper German period of the development of the German language, used this dialect in his works and translations. Further development of the literary language from the East Middle German dialect was associated with the focused activity of the communities created in Germany (the most famous of which is the Fruitful Society ) and writers who advocated for the purity and unity of the language (among them Grifius , Olearius, Opits , , von Cesen and others) [11] .
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scholars and writers Leibniz , Gottshed, and Adelung , who were actively involved in spelling, grammar, and rhetoric, became New Fighters for writing, recommending it in their works as the most perfect of all German dialects [8] . So, Gottshed and Adelung were able to make a significant contribution to the development of German spelling by creating the first dictionaries of the German language . Later, Siebs and Duden supplemented it by reforming grammar and rhetoric as well. In the 20th century, literary norms are fixed, and there are no special changes in grammar. Their features of the German language were characteristic during the advent of the NSDAP (see German in the Third Reich ) and after the war in the ideological GDR ( German in the GDR ), however, they did not affect the literary norm and all innovations concerned exclusively lexical (semantic) shifts . Until the beginning of the 21st century, a certain discrepancy was recorded between the norms of the stage pronunciation of Zibs and the language of the Germans, however, the nature of this phenomenon does not affect the fundamental norms in the present. This is believed to be a natural process of change in the pronunciation of individual vowels.
The problem of literary language
One of the main problems of the literary language, indicated in the introduction, comes down to the formalization of the terminological apparatus [12] [13] . To define the literary language, both the concept of Literatursprache and Standardsprache are used , which are almost synonymous. Nevertheless, these concepts should be distinguished. Other terms that do not have a clear definition, but referring to the literary German language, are: Schriftsprache - written language (understood more often in the historical sense), Hochsprache - high language (the language of fiction, the purest language), Einheitssprache - a single language, Gemeindeutsch - the same (common German), Dachsprache - a common language ("roof-language", uniting all native speakers). Such a terminological mess does not allow creating unified approaches to the description of a literary language.
Notes
- ↑ Steger H. Bilden gesprochene Sprache und geschriebene Sprache eigene Sprachvarietäten? // Hugo Anst (Hrsg.). Wörter, Sätze, Fugen und Fächer des wissenschaftlichen. Festgabe für Theodor Lewandowski zum 60. Geburtstag. - Tübungen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1987 .-- S. 35-58.
- ↑ Steger H. Normenprobleme // Der öffentiche Sprachgebrauch. Bd. I: Die Sprachnormdiskussion in Presse, Hörfunk und Fernsehen / bearb. v. Brigitta Mogge. - Stuttgart, 1980. - S. 210-219.
- ↑ Hartmann D. Standardsprache und regionale Umgangssprachen als Vatietäten des Deutschen. Kriterien zu ihrer Bestimmung aus grammatischer und soziolinguistischer Sicht. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. - Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1990. - No. 83. - S. 39-58.
- ↑ Löffler H. Dialekt und Standards prache in der Schule // Lehren und Lernen 8, - Berlin, 1982. - S. 3-13.
- ↑ Zhirmunsky V.M. National language and social dialects. L., 1936 .-- 296 p.
- ↑ Gukhman M.M., Semenyuk N.N., Babenko N.S. History of the German literary language of the XVI — XVIII centuries. Repl. ed. Corresponding Member USSR Academy of Sciences V.N. Yartsev . - M .: Nauka, 1984 .-- 246 p.
- ↑ Kraus J., Ludwig K.-D., Schnerrer R. Die Sprache in unserem Leben. / Erika Ising, Kraus Johannes, Ludwig Klaus-Dieter, Schnerrer Rosemarie. - 1. Aufl. - Leipzig: Bibliographoisches Institut, 1988 .-- 244 S.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Keller RE Die Deutsche Sprache und ihre historische Entwicklung // Bearb. und übertr. aus dem Engl., mit e. Begleitw. sowie e. Glossar vers. von Karl-Heinz Mulagk. - Hamburg: Buskem 1986.- 641 S.
- ↑ Semenyuk N. N. Formation of literary norms and types of codification processes // Language Norm. Typology of normalization processes. Repl. Editors: Doctor of Philosophy V. Ya. Porhomovsky, Ph.D. N. N. Semenyuk. - M .: Institute of Linguistics, RAS; 1996 .-- 383 p.
- ↑ Gernentz HJ Niederdeutsch - gestern und heute. Beiträge zur Sprachsituation in der Nordbezurken der DDR in Geschichte und Gegenwart. (2. völlig neubearbt. Und erweit. Auflage). - Rostock, 1980 .-- 331 S.
- ↑ Filicheva N.I. German literary language - M., 1992. - 175 p.
- ↑ Hartig M. Soziolinguistik. Angewandte Linguistik des Deutschen. - Bern, Frankfurt am Main, 1985 .-- 209 S.
- ↑ Henn-Memmesheimer B. Über Standard- und Nonstandardmuster generalisierende Syntaxregeln. Das Beispiel der Adverbphrasen mit deliktischen Adverbien // Sprachlicher Substandard II / Hrsg. von Günter Holtus u. Edgar Radtke. - Tübungen: Niemeyer, 1989 .-- S. 169-228.