Horsetail ( lat. Equisétum ) - a genus of vascular plants , because of its uniqueness in the modern flora, sometimes allocated to a special department of horsetail ( lat. Equisetóphyta ). It has one modern class ( Equisetópsida ), one order ( Equisetáles ) and one family ( Equisetáceae ), which, according to various sources, numbers from 15 to 32 species .
| Horsetail | |||||||||||||||||||||
 Horsetail : stem with whorls of leaves | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| International scientific name | |||||||||||||||||||||
Equisetum L. (1753) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Type view | |||||||||||||||||||||
Equisetum fluviatile L., 1753 - Horsetail | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Kinds | |||||||||||||||||||||
See text | |||||||||||||||||||||
The genus is ubiquitous from South America and southern Africa to the Arctic . The greatest species diversity (17) is observed in Eurasia and North America between 40 and 60 ° C. w. [1] [2] [3] [4] .
Content
Name Origin
The scientific name of the genus , Equisetum , comes from the Latin words equus ("horse") and saeta ("mane, stubble"). In a similar way, the name of the plant is formed in many European languages - Polish. koński ogon horsetail , fr. queue-de-cheval et al. [5]
The plant was also given the Russian name “horsetail” for its resemblance to the tails of some animals, especially horses [5] [6] .
Botanical Description
Presently living species are exclusively herbaceous plants from a few centimeters to several meters high. For example, in Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Equisetum xylochaetum grows with slender, almost tree-like shoots 3–3.5 m high; the Peruvian species Equisetum martii reaches 5 meters in height, and the largest giant horsetail ( Equisetum giganteum ), growing in the humid tropical and subtropical forests of Chile , Peru , Mexico and Cuba, has a maximum size of 10-12 m with a diameter of only 2-3 see. Therefore, it grows only leaning and clinging to neighboring trees. In the same countries, the most powerful species of Schaffner Horsetail ( Equisetum schaffneri ) grows, with a diameter of up to 10 cm at a height of only 2 m. European species include the evergreen, rarely branching Winter Horsetail ( Equisetum hyemale ) up to 1 m high.
In all types of horsetail, the stems have a pronounced metamerism , that is, the correct alternation of nodes and internodes . Leaves are reduced to scales and are arranged in whorls in nodes. Side branches form here too. The assimilation function is performed by green stems, the surface of which increases with ribbing, the walls of the skin cells are saturated with silica. The underground part of horsetails is represented by a highly developed rhizome , in the nodes of which the accessory roots are formed. In some species ( horsetail ), the lateral branches of the rhizome turn into tubers , which serve as a place for the deposition of spare products, as well as organs of vegetative propagation .
Horsetail is a hard-to-eradicate weed that survives even forest fires due to its underground rhizomes. Horsetail stems contain silica , and therefore hard.
Chemical Composition
The horsetail grass contains little-studied saponin equizetonin (about 5%) and nicotine alkaloids , equizetine (palustrin); 3-methoxypyridine; dimethyl sulfone ; flavonoids ; equizetrine , isocvercitrin and luteolin 5-glucoside, vitamin C (up to 0.19%), carotene (about 4.7 mg% ); malic , aconitic and oxalic acids ; proteins (about 16%), fatty oil , silicic acid (up to 25%), tannins , bitterness, resins .
The toxicity of most species (especially the horsetail and species of the subgenus Hippochaete ) is due to the presence of the enzyme thiaminase .
All horsetails contain a large amount of silica in the tissues.
Systematics Issues
Karl Linney in 1753 [7] attributed all the horsetails he described to one genus Equisetum L., later Karl Milde in 1865 [8] divided this genus into two: Equisetum and Hippochaete . Later, in 1867, Mildet [9] again united the genus Equisetum , accepting two groups in it: Equisetum and Hippochaete - without indicating their rank. Then Baker in 1887 [10] gave these groups the rank of subgenus. For the separation of subgenera (or genera), signs of strobiles , stomatal apparatus, and the lifespan of aerial shoots were originally used. Later, a difference in the size of chromosomes was discovered, which possibly explains the absence of intersubschool hybrids, which attracts special attention if we take into account the presence of numerous hybrids inside each of the subgenuses [11] .
Currently, most authors accept one genus with two subgenera (Tutin, 1964 [12] ; Cullen, 1965 [3] ; Bobrov, 1974 [4] ; Hauke, 1993 [2] ), less often they are recognized as independent genera (Tsvelev, 2000 [13] ). However, the only morphological trait by which all species of one subgenus can be clearly distinguished from another is the nature of the location of stomata relative to the level of epidermal cells (Hauke, 1993 [2] ). The history of lectotype typification of supraspecific taxa is described in detail in the work of RE Pichi-Sermolli (1971) [14] .
Economic Significance and Application
Horsetails feed on some wild animals - deer and wild boars . At the same time, for horses, horsetails are poisonous plants [15] .
In medicine, horsetail preparations are used, which have a versatile and diverse effect. They are used as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, restorative, wound healing and astringent. They help with heart failure , improve water-salt metabolism . As part of various collections, horsetail is used to treat hypertension , gout and wound healing. Effectively plant with edema of various origins and exudative (wet) pleurisy . In folk medicine, the scope of horsetail is the same.
Dried stems of horsetail, containing a large amount of silicon salts, are used for grinding surfaces, in particular, joiners and painters. Before the horsetail stalk cleaned pots and pans.
Views
The genus includes more than 20 species [16] , distributed in two subgenera:
- Equisetum boreale bong.
- Equisetum californicum ( Milde ) GNJones
- Equisetum × schaffneri Milde - Schaffner Horsetail
- Subgenus Equisetum :
- Equisetum arvense L. - Field Horsetail
- Equisetum bogotense Kunth - Bogotskii Horsetail
- Equisetum diffusum D.Don - Horsetail
- Equisetum × ferrissii Clute
- Equisetum fluviatile L. - River horsetail , or Marsh Horsetail
- Equisetum palustre L. - Swamp Horsetail
- Equisetum pratense Ehrh. - meadow horsetail
- Equisetum sylvaticum L. - Horsetail
- Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. - Horsetail is large
- Subgenus Hippochaete :
- Equisetum giganteum L. - Giant Horsetail
- [ syn. Equisetum xylochaetum Mett. ]
- [ syn. Equisetum martii Milde ]
- Equisetum hyemale L. - Wintering horsetail
- Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun
- Equisetum × moorei Newman - Moore's Horsetail
- Equisetum myriochaetum Schlecht. et Cham. - Horsetail polychaete
- Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. - Branched horsetail
- Equisetum scirpoides Michx. - Reed horsetail [17]
- Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex F.Weber et D.Mohr - Variegated Horsetail [17]
- Equisetum giganteum L. - Giant Horsetail
Notes
- ↑ Ilyin M.M. Horsetail - Equisetaceae LCRich. // Flora of the USSR. - L., 1934. - T. 1. - S. 101-112.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Hauke R. Equisetaceae Michaux ex DeCandolle // Flora of North America. - New York, 1993 .-- Vol. 2. - P. 76–84.
- ↑ 1 2 Cullen J. Equisetaceae // Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. - Edinburgh, 1965. - Vol. 1. - P. 31-34.
- ↑ 1 2 Beavers A.E. Equisetaceae LCRichard ex DC. - Horsetail // Flora of the European part of the USSR. - L., 1974. - T. 1. - S. 62-67.
- ↑ 1 2 Chernyh P.Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language. - M .: Russian language, 1999 .-- T. 2. - S. 337.
- ↑ Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages. - M .: Nauka, 1981. - T. 8. - S. 134-135.
- ↑ Linnaeus C. Species Plantarum . Holmiae, 1753. T. 2. P. 1061-1062.
- ↑ Milde J. Repräsentieren die Equiseten der gegenwärtigen Schöpfungsperiode, ein oder zwei Genera? // Bot. Zeit. 1865. Jg 23. N 40. S. 297-299.
- ↑ Milde J. Monographia Equisetorum // Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol. 1867. B. 32. 607 S.
- ↑ Baker JG Handbook of fern-allies. London, 1887. P. 1-6.
- ↑ Hauke R. A taxonomic monograph of Equisetum subgenus Hippochaete // Beih. Nova Hedwigia, 1963. Vol. 8. P. 1-123.
- ↑ Tutin TG Equisetaceae // Flora Europaea. Cambridge, 1964. Vol. 1. P. 6-8.
- ↑ Tsvelev N.N. Sem. Equisetaceae LC Richard ex DC. - Horsetail // Key to vascular plants of the north-west of Russia. St. Petersburg, 2000.S. 152-155.
- ↑ Pichi-Sermolli REG Names and types of the genera of fern-allies // Webbia, 1971. Vol. 26. P. 129-194.
- ↑ Horsetail (Equisetum L.) .
- ↑ The Plant List : Equisetum
- ↑ 1 2 Vorobyov D.P. Genus Horsetail - Equisetum L. // Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East: Plain-like, Horsetail, Fern-shaped, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms (Flowering): 8 tons / hole. ed. S. S. Kharkevich . - L .: Science, 1987.- T. 2 / ed. volumes S.K. Cherepanov . - S. 9-14. - 446 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-02-026590-X .
Literature
- Ilyin M. M. Horsetail - Equisetaceae LCRich. // Flora of the USSR : in 30 tons / chap. ed. V.L. Komarov . - L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1934. - T. 1 / ed. volumes M. M. Ilyin . - S. 101-112. - 302, XVI p. - 5,000 copies.
- Horsetail / M. К. Kirpichnikov // Big Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
Links
- Equisetum on Tropicos.org (English) (Retrieved July 18, 2010)
- Nugolovykh S. The appearance and evolution of horsetail . Publishing House PostNauka (September 21, 2016). - Lecture. Date of treatment November 21, 2016.