Vsevolozhsky, Vsevolod Andreevich

He came from the Vsevolozhsky clan, which, according to the officially recognized genealogy, “retroactively reckoned with the clan of the Vsevolozhsky ” ^[2] . The youngest son of the Penza governor , court adviser Andrei Alekseevich Vsevolozhsky (1723–1774), a participant in the coup of 1762, who died during the Pugachev uprising . A four-year-old Vsevolod with two older brothers and two sisters was saved by a faithful servant.

He began his “service” in the army at the age of 13, being ranked by a sergeant in 1782 as a member of the Life Guard Preobrazhensky Regiment . In 1785, the cavalry regiment transferred to the Life Guards as a warmaster .

In 1790, being a rather poor guards lieutenant , Vsevolozhsky married the illegitimate daughter of the former favorite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna , the former Astrakhan governor (1763–1773), the former senator (1773–1780), and lieutenant-general (1773–1780), Lieutenant-General (1780) Nikita Afanasevich 17–29 (1780) 29–2929292929 ) and received after her a dowry of two serfs and “diamonds in different things for 15,228 rubles, pearls for 1,150 rubles, silver items for 6,450 rubles. 84 cop., Yes in money and bills 77,245 rubles. ” On June 3, 1791, he acquired land from his uncle’s friend, Prince A. A. Vyazemsky, in the name and money of his wife, 359 serfs, Tyuleniy Island and the Caspian fisheries at the village of Black Market at the mouth of the Prorva River ( Terek branch) in Kizlyar district Caucasus province (now the village of Kochubey in Dagestan ), a total of 127 miles of coastline.

In July 1794, Vsevolozhsky’s father-in-law died, leaving his wife a fortune that brings hundreds of thousands of rubles of annual income. Earlier, Vsevolozhsk obtained from the father-in-law Astrakhan fisheries between the mouths of the Chulpan and Kanych rivers , the land near the village of Obraztsovo and the village of Samosdelka of the Astrakhan district , three houses in Astrakhan with the lands attached to them and the Beketov-Vsevolozhsky Fishery Management Office with assets of 200 thousand rubles ^{[3] [4]} .

In October 1796, he became the heir to the colossal fortune of his uncle, Senator Vsevolod Alekseevich Vsevolozhsky (1738-1796), received by him from Empress Catherine II for participating in the 1762 coup. Uncle left Vsevolozhsky about one million acres of land, mines, factories and crafts in the Solikamsky district of the Perm province , among them Chusovsky, Lenvensky, Novousolsky, Zyryansky and Oryolsky salt fields, Pozhvinsky iron-smelting and iron-making factory with ironworks, Yelizovo ironworks approximately 10 thousand serfs, as well as large tracts of land in the Moscow province , in Bogorodsk district - the village Bunkovo and 1,600 serfs in the Vladimir district - the village Zuevo (25 yards), two houses in the Lower ovgorode to the ground and spinning-mill and stone house in Moscow on Prechistenka .

During his service in the army, V. A. Vsevolozhsky “was not in campaigns against the enemy.” He retired with the rank of captain of the Guard on December 13, 1796, almost immediately after the accession to the throne of Emperor Paul I , who established strict discipline in the Horse Guard ^[5] .

Until 1812, Vsevolozhsky lived in Moscow. As the French army approached, V.A. Vsevolozhsky sent to militia 45 of his serfs from Bogorodsky Uyezd, 300 serfs from the Perm estate, donated uniforms for 2,000 Nizhny Novgorod militias, and he moved to Kazan , and then to the factory village of Pozhva in the Urals. In 1818, he settled near the capital, on Ryabovo Manor in Shlisselburg Uyezd .

Entrepreneur

An unusually active and energetic man, Vsevolozhsky was actively engaged in entrepreneurship. The manager of the Pozhvinsky mining factory district of V.A. Vsevolozhsky was a unique local self-taught hydraulic engineer, the serf Vasily Petrovich Voevodin (1764–1829), under whose leadership during the period 1804-1818 Elizaveto-Pozhevsky was completed, and Maryinsky, Aleksandrovsky, Maykorsky and Vsevolod-Vilvensky ironworks. In 1826, Vsevolozhsky began the development of the Vsevolod-Blagodatsky gold mines on the Strelebnaya river in the Verkhotursky district of the Perm province ^[6] .

Since 1810, the French professor of mathematics, mechanic Jean-Baptiste Poidebar (1761–1824), worked under a contract at the V.A. Vsevolozhsky plant. In 1811, he invented the capstan - a vertical gate driven by horses, on the basis of which he built the first horse-drawn ships in Russia. In the same year, three horse-drawn barges loaded with salt, passing along the Kama and the Volga, successfully arrived at the fair in Nizhny Novgorod. Despite the ten-year privilege he received on May 29, 1814, which is the first patent in Russian history, from Vsevolozhsky for using his invention, which saved considerable money to the landowner, Puadebar received only a loan letter, under which no one wanted to lend him money and died in 1824 in absolute poverty ^[7] .

In 1815, at the invitation of Vsevolozhsky, Pozhva came to work as the chief mechanic of the plant, the outstanding Russian inventor, engineer and designer Pyotr Sobolevsky (1782–1841), who established gas lighting for industrial premises, conducted the first experiments in Russia on pudding of iron and built two the first steamboat on Kama, on one of which Vsevolozhsky made a trip to Kazan in 1817. At the end of the contract, engineer P. G. Sobolevsky was thrown out of the gate by Vsevolozhsky without paying a salary. From the lawsuit filed by Sobolevsky: “when everything was already over by me and the matter was settled, then he, Mr. Vsevolozhsky, was so ignoble with me that I, having been refused even one pair of horses, was forced with my family to get out of the factory him on foot and without a penny of money ... "go 150 miles to Perm ^{[8] [9]} .

Together with the actual state adviser I.P. Polivanov in 1813 he founded a porcelain factory in the village of Elizavetin, Bogorodsky district . Vsevolozhsky was so keen on the prospects of trade at the Makaryevskaya and then Nizhny Novgorod fairs that as a nobleman signed up as a merchant of the 1st guild , he was obliged to carry out guild duties, lost the right to carry out state or elective service, but he got the opportunity to trade ^{[10] [11]} .

Having inherited Perm estates with a debt of one million rubles, a couple of decades later the debt for the estate was four and a half million, and his children got a debt of eight million. The Ural factories under the control of Vsevolod were unprofitable, because the nobleman squeezed his souls, the debts of enterprises were offset by workers. The Perm estate was repeatedly mortgaged and was under external control.

In 1833, due to the lack of funds for payments on numerous debts to the treasury, guardianship was established over all estates of Vsevolozhsky with branches in Astrakhan, Perm, Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Died on April 28 ( May 10 ), 1836 . He was buried at the Okhta cemetery ^[12] .

Vsevolozhsky and Ryabovo Manor

May 25, 1818 V.A. Vsevolozhsky purchased near the capital for 360,000 rubles from Alevtina Tolstoy the Ryabovo manor and became its eleventh owner. He got a well-equipped estate with a wooden manor house standing on a mountain, a dozen villages, a little more than 8,000 acres of land and 454 male serfs with families ^[13] . In the master workshop from the local swamp ore, he established the production of agricultural implements and conducted gas lighting. He planted sugar beets from which he produced sugar for the needs of his family. A large garden was established in the household territories and the greenhouse was restored for the cultivation of fruits and vegetables. Outlandish flowers and rare grapes, peaches and citrus fruits for our latitudes grew there. Rebuilt the manor house. Moved from his Perm estate estate theater and choir.

In summer, aristocratic Petersburg gathered in Ryabovo, among the guests were composers M. I. Glinka , A. A. Alyabyev and A. N. Verstovsky , sculptor F. P. Tolstoy . Under him, Ryabovo Manor became known outside of Russia. He introduced artificial drainage and soil irrigation on his lands. Contemporaries admired not so much the beauty of the estate as a well-established economy.

Even during the life of V. A. Vsevolozhsky, the manor was laid for 200,000 rubles. After his death in 1836, it turned out that only Vsevolozhsky’s official debts remained “three million one hundred eighty eight thousand seven hundred seventy three rubles forty five kopecks; and private debts to various persons, on mortgages on Ryabovo and on obligations up to one million five hundred thousand rubles, ”as a result of which the estate was transferred to the treasury ^[14] .

The surname of the next owner of the Ryabovo estate, the grandson of Vsevolod Andreevich - Pavel Alexandrovich Vsevolozhsky , gave the name of the railway station in 1895, and in the second half of the 20th century to the city of Vsevolozhsk. He made the first, unsuccessful attempt to redeem the manor.

It was only in 1906 that the wife of the great-grandson of V. A. Vsevolozhsky, Vasily Pavlovich Vsevolozhsky - Lydia Filippovna Vsevolozhskaya, managed to finally pay off her debts and redeem Ryabovo Manor.

Privacy

Having become one of the richest people in Russia , Vsevolozhsky received the nickname "Petersburg Creuse ". In an aristocratic circle, he was known as a real Russian gentleman, hospitable and theater-goer. His estate was often visited by then-famous artists: Bossi , J. Dow , Desarno , later Tropinin . Vsevolod Andreevich was one of the amazing originals of his time: his wonderful eccentricities, including outlandish “home fairs”, were described by M. I. Pilyaev ^[15] :

Several hundred people came to visit him on his name day, and special rooms were arranged for everyone, and measures were taken so that the habits of each guest did not encounter the slightest embarrassment, why the most accurate information was first collected from the servants about the habits of their masters, and that for every need. It is difficult now to believe that Vsevolozhsky had only one servant up to four hundred people. His stables accommodated up to one hundred and twenty thoroughbred horses; there were also at least a hundred crews. When Vsevolozhsky lived in the country, at least one hundred people sat down at the table daily. He annually congratulated the empress on New Year's Day according to Russian custom, offering peaches, plums, grapes and pineapples on a golden dish.

The playwrights of the time - N. I. Khmelnitsky , F. N. Glinka , I. A. Krylov , A. A. Shakhovskaya , I. P. Myatlev - wrote comedies for his serf troupe, vaudevilled; the verses were composed by A.N. Verstovsky and L.V. Maurer , often accompanied by a wonderful virtuoso S.N. Aksyonov on the guitar. His orchestra was considered one of the best in Russia, and the most outstanding musicians who were in Moscow at that time played in home quartets on Thursdays, attended by all the nobility.

Sister - Elizabeth, married to Pavel Petrovich Pushchin

Since 1790 V.A. Vsevolozhsky was married to Elizaveta Nikitichna Beketova (d. 04/18/1810), illegitimate daughter, famous for his short-term favorite at court, Elizaveta Petrovna N. A. Beketov, a very wealthy man, owner of extensive fishing on the Volga . Beketov left all his great fortune to two illegitimate daughters. Later, Elizaveta Nikitichna herself bought from Prince Vyazemsky more than 100 thousand acres of land for 100 thousand rubles in the Caucasus, in Kizlyar district , along the coast of the Caspian Sea .

In marriage, they had three children:

• Alexander Vsevolodovich (1793-1864), during the Patriotic War of 1812 participated in the militia. Member of the famous literary society Green Lamp , led by his younger brother. Since 1813, he was a cornet ; he participated in foreign campaigns and in battles in 1813-1814. near Leipzig, Danzig, Paris. Since 1817, the lieutenant, after the staff captain, retired from 1819 in the rank of captain. He was awarded the ranks of the ceremonies of the master and real state adviser, as well as the court rank of chamberlain. Since 1849, after the division of estates with his brother, he lived in the Perm province, in the Pozhevsky factory. He was buried in Moscow in the Novodevichy Convent with his wife, Sofia Ivanovna, nee Trubetskoy (1800-1852).
• Nikita Vsevolodovich (1799-1862), vaudeville singer, translator, amateur singer, passionate theater-goer. The first marriage was married to Princess Varvara Petrovna Khovanskaya (1807-1834), the daughter of her father's mistress. From the spring of 1819 until the fall of 1820, meetings of the Green Lamp society were held in the house of N.V. Vsevolozhsky ( Theater Square , 8).
• Maria Vsevolodovna (1800-1819 / 1822), was married to Major General N. M. Sipyagin .

For many years Vsevolozhsky was in a love affair with Princess Ekaterina Matveevna Khovanskaya , nee Peken. She left her husband and five children and openly lived in Vsevolozhsky’s house. In 1813, through the means of her father, she tried to get a divorce, but Prince Khovansky did not agree. Vsevolozhsky bequeathed to her all the valuable property of his house, moreover, for the maintenance of 3 thousand rubles a month. Their daughter bore the name of her mother’s husband:

• Alexandra Petrovna Khovanskaya (1813–1889), in her first marriage, she was behind the Major General, Hoffmarshal I.P. Veshnyakov . In the second marriage since 1843 for A.N. Chelishchev (1819-1902), who served in the cavalry guard regiment.

• Children
•  

  Alexander

•  

  Nikita

•  

  Maria

•  

  Alexandra

• Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree - December 31, 1807 "for the donation in the preparation of the temporary Zemstvo militia"
• Order of St. Anne of the 2nd degree - January 21, 1812 "for a donation to the Moscow University of Mineralogical Study"
• Order of St. Stanislav 2nd degree - June 16, 1833 "for the improvement of factory products that were at the exhibition"
• Gold medal "Zemsky army" - December 31, 1807 "for the donation in the preparation of the temporary Zemsky militia"
• Bronze noble medal "In memory of the Patriotic War of 1812" - December 1814, "for the supply of uniforms for the Zemstvo militia"
• Big Gold Medal of the Manufacture Council - August 22, 1829 "for the improvement of iron products" ^[4]

• Ferman V.V. Vsevolozhsk: historical and geographical reference. Part 1 (1500-1917). - St. Petersburg: "Gyol"; “Island”, 2019. - 480 p. - ISBN 978-5-90479-084-4 .

• Entrepreneur Vsevolozhsky V. A.