Synecdoche

Sinekdokha ( ancient Greek συνεκδοχήletters “Understanding” of συν “together” + εκδοχή “variant, version” ) - trope , a kind of metonymy , stylistic reception, consisting in that the name of the general is transferred to the private (“The whole school poured out into the street”; “Russia defeated Egypt 3: 1”), less often - on the contrary, from a private on the general. For example, on the use of synecdocs, expressiveness of speech is built in the passage from A.T. Tvardovsky’s poem “ Vasily Türkin ”:

To the east, through smoke and soot,
From one prison deaf
Europe is going home.
Down feather bed above her blizzard.

And on the Russian soldier
Brother French, Briton brother,
Polish brother and everything
With a guilty friendship,
But they look heartfelt ...

Here the generic name Europe is used instead of the name of the peoples inhabiting European countries; the singular nouns “soldier”, “brother-french” and others replace their plural. Synecdoche enhances speech expression and gives it a deep generalizing meaning.

Usually in synecdoche used:

1. The singular number instead of the plural: "Everything sleeps - both man and beast and bird ." (Gogol);
2. The plural instead of the singular: "We all look at Napoleons ." (Pushkin);
3. Part instead of the whole: “Do you have any need? “ In the roof for my family.” (Herzen);
4. Whole instead of part: “ Japan opened in different directions”. (Exchange news; instead: shares on the Tokyo Stock Exchange ); " Germany avoided defeat in a match with Australia." (Sport; instead: the German national football team );
5. Generic name instead of the species: "Well, sit down, shone ." (Mayakovsky; instead: the sun );
6. The specific name instead of the generic: "Push the whole penny for nothing." (Gogol; instead: money ).