People [1] ( lat. Homo ) - a genus of the family of hominids of the primates . It includes the species Homo sapiens and extinct species close to it. The ancestors of Homo are probably Australopithecus [2] .
| People |
Skillful man ( Homo habilis ) |
| Scientific classification |
|---|
| No rank : | Bilateral symmetrical |
| Squadron : | Euarchontoglires |
| Parvotryad : | Narrow-nosed monkey |
| Superfamily : | Anthropoid apes |
|
| International scientific name |
|---|
Homo Linnaeus , 1758 |
| Kinds |
|---|
- β ( Gautengese Man )
- β Skillful man
( Homo habilis ) - β Rudolph Man
( Homo rudolfensis ) - β Worker
( Homo ergaster ) - β Homo erectus
( Homo erectus ) - β Man of Florence
( Homo floresiensis ) - β Human predecessor
( Homo antecessor ) - β Heidelberg Man
( Homo heidelbergensis ) - β Neanderthal man
( Homo neanderthalensis ) - β Rhodesian man
( Homo rhodesiensis ) - β ( Man from Ceprano )
- β Georgian Man ( Homo georgicus )
- β Denisovsky man
- Homo sapiens
- β Homo sapiens
( Homo sapiens idaltu ) - Homo sapiens
(Homo sapiens sapiens)
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Adult Female
Homo erectus
An evolutionary treelike map highlighting the hominin subfamily and the hominini tribe. Moving from the line to Pongi , the early hominins split into hominini and gorillini tribes. The early Gominini split further, separating the Gomo line from the Pan line. At present, the hominini tribe refers to the sub-tribe of hominin containing the genus Homo; Panina , genus Pan; and Australopithecus, with several extinct genera - notations are indicated on this table.
Homo genus evolution model over the past 2 million years (vertical axis). The rapid spread of H. sapiens from Africa is shown at the top of the diagram, with the impurity indicated by Neanderthals, Denisovans and unspecified archaic African hominins. The late survival of strong Australopithecines ( parantropes ) together with Homo up to 1.2 million years is indicated in purple.Sometimes this genus is considered as continuous phratry , that is, a diverse collection of populations that exchange gene flows for a long period of time, and therefore do not form reproductive barriers, while maintaining belonging to the same species. At the same time, these orientations of adaptations and the rate of evolution are very heterogeneous. At the same time, in the past, humanity may have consisted of several species, in particular, Neanderthals are considered a species separate from Cro-Magnons .
Some scientists (for example, Professor Morris Goodman, head of chimpanzee DNA research at Wayne University in Detroit ) believe that, according to genetic analysis, common chimpanzees and bonobos ( Homo troglodytes and Homo paniscus, respectively) should also be assigned to the genus Homo [3] .
Content
There is already an outdated classification of species within the genus (and the scheme of anthropogenesis) as a successive change of βstagesβ, each of which includes several species.
- Archanthropes are the most ancient people.
- Paleoanthropes - ancient people ( Homo neandertalensis and, possibly, Homo heidelbergensis ).
- Neoanthropes are people of a modern look.
The boundaries between groups are arbitrary, depending on:
- the researcherβs point of view on the importance of certain diagnostic features;
- objectively existing difficulties comparing very different biological objects.
The traditional stadial model of anthropogenesis assumed a direct transition of species from one stage to species of the next. However, this simplified approach did not justify itself. With the expansion of the number of finds of fossil forms of man, it became obvious that at different times representatives of different species of the genus Homo co-existed, belonging to different stages.
The oldest of the Homo genus is Homo habilis, or a skilled person , whose first representatives appeared on Earth about 2.8 million years ago [4] . Until this time, probably only Australopithecus existed. About 2.5 million years ago, a split in the evolution of hominids occurred, as a result of which massive Australopithecines (dead end branch of evolution) and the genus Homo were isolated. In addition to finds from the Olduvai Gorge , the so-called Rudolphian man , Homo rudolfensis, whose skull was found in Kenya in 1972 in the area of ββLake. Rudolph (now Lake Turkana), as well as finds from Ethiopia and South Africa . The antiquity of these species is from 2.4 to 1.9 million years. It is assumed that these first people were the creators of the tools of the oldest on Earth earth of Olduvai ( pebble ) culture. There are finds that have not found a taxonomic definition and some researchers refer to Homo habilis , and the other part refers to groups of archanthropes (ancient people) that replaced Homo habilis about 1.6-1.5 million years ago.
The group of archanthropes includes two main types. This is a species of Asian ancient people, a bipedal man ( Homo erectus ), and its African version, a working man ( Homo ergaster ).
The classic representative of paleoanthropes (ancient people) is a Neanderthal man , or a Neanderthal man, - Homo neanderthalensis . Another species has recently been identified - the Heidelberg man , Homo heidelbergensis , later than the most ancient people, Homo erectus and Homo ergaster . Some researchers refer to paleoanthropes. Homo neanderthalensis is associated with Auschwitz and Mousterian stone cultures.
The following is a view of a modern person, or intelligent person, Homo sapiens , which is divided into two subspecies - Homo sapiens idaltu and Homo sapiens sapiens .
Having examined the remains of 311 hominins, living from 4.4 million liters. n Until the last ice age, anthropologists found that about 2.2-1.9 million years ago, representatives of the genus Homo gained in height (about 20 cm) and weight (15-20 kg). Between 1.4-1.6 million years ago, shortly after the appearance of Homo erectus , people still grew by 10 cm (excluding the species Homo naledi and Homo floresiensis ), while the weight remained the same. About 0.5β0.4 million years ago, representatives of the genus Homo , 10β15 kg heavier, appear in the fossil record, which signals adaptation to the environment north of the Mediterranean Sea [5] .
Species and subspecies of the genus Humans
- Homo sapiens
- The oldest intelligent man ( Homo sapiens idaltu ).
- Homo sapiens ( Homo sapiens sapiens ), known in paleontology as Cro-Magnon man .
- Skillful man ( Homo habilis ) is a highly developed Australopithecus, the first representative of the genus Homo .
- Rudolphian man ( Homo rudolfensis ).
- Working man ( Homo ergaster ).
- Homo erectus ( Homo erectus ).
- Floresian man ( Homo floresiensis ).
- Human predecessor ( Homo antecessor ).
- Heidelberg man ( Homo heidelbergensis ).
- Neanderthal man ( Homo neanderthalensis ).
- Rhodesian man ( Homo rhodesiensis ).
- A man from Ceprano ( Homo cepranensis ).
- Dmanisian hominid ( Homo georgicus ).
- Denisovsky man
- Homo naledi
- Homo luzonensis
