YAZ-210

Predecessors

The story of the creation of a three-axle heavy truck YAZ-210 dates back to January 1941, when (according to the memoirs of veterans of the plant ^[1] ) a group of YAGAZ engineers under the leadership of the chief designer VV Osepchugov was seconded to the NAMI industry institute to develop a new car design The introduction of which for production was associated with the planned modernization of the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant (YaAZ) (according to plans, it was supposed to end in 1942). Then, along with biaxial machines: the on - board Y-14 and the Y-17 dump truck, it was also planned to create a three-axle truck - Y-16 ^[2] . An American truck GMC-803 with a two-stroke four-cylinder engine GMC 4-71 with a capacity of 110 liters was adopted as a prototype in the design of a promising family. with ^[2] .

The outbreak of war forced to curtail all work, but in 1943 the design of a new family resumed. In December 1944, the first prototype of the Y-14 two-axle truck was manufactured, which received, in accordance with the new industry system , the designation YAZ-200 (the Y-17 dump truck and the three-axle Y-16 truck received, respectively, the designations YAZ-205 and YAZ -210). The power unit on the experimental car was imported, supplied by Lend-Lease : a 4-cylinder two-stroke diesel engine GMC 4-71 assembled with a Long-32 clutch and a Spicer-5553 gearbox (at YAGAZ they were mounted on Y-12 artillery tractors), ^{[3 ]} and the cabin and wings were borrowed from the Mack NR truck (subsequent experimental and production vehicles had domestic wooden cabs) ^[2] . Mastering the production of a complex power unit at a plant that had not previously been engaged in engine building was difficult, and only in August 1947, when it was possible to start production of the YAZ-204 engine (a “metrized" copy of the American GMC 4-71), the new car went into production production. On the basis of the YAZ-200 truck, the YAZ-205 dump truck was created, the production of which was transferred to the Minsk Automobile Plant , and the YAZ-200V truck tractor ^[2] . ^[one]

Birth of the YaAZ-210

In April 1948, the first prototype of a three-axle general-purpose truck YAZ-210 with a 6-cylinder engine YAZ-206 (a copy of the GMC 6-71 engine) was built. When creating a new car, Yaroslavl designers made the most of the components and assemblies already mastered in production - despite the use of a more powerful engine, the level of unification between the biaxial YAZ-200 and the triaxial YAZ-210 was 80% ^[1] . This was facilitated by both the high unification of power units and the use of the original transmission scheme: the torque from the gearbox (borrowed from the YAZ-200) was transferred to the transfer case, into which a forcibly locked center differential was built in, distributing power between the axles for the rear bogie. From the transfer case, power was transmitted to the drive axles using cardans: one short to the middle bridge and two cardans (with an intermediate support) to the rear axle. This solution allowed not only to unify the driving axles, but also simplified the management of differential lock ^[1] . In addition to the center differential, the transfer case had 2 gears (up and down), which allowed to expand the dynamic range of the transmission. In addition, in the transfer case there was a power take-off reducer designed to drive the winch - its design made it possible to turn the winch on by means of gearbox and clutch by switching the neutral gear into the transfer case ^[4] . Thus, with a significant expansion of functionality, the YAZ-210 car transmission differed from its predecessor ( YAZ-200 ) only in one new unit - the transfer case ^[1] .

By the end of 1948, prototypes of two modifications of the base model were built: YaAZ-210A (with an all-metal platform and a winch) and a ballast tractor YaAZ-210G, YaAZ-210D (truck tractor), and in the next, 1949, a YAZ-210E dump truck ^{[ 5]} . Tests and preparation of production took three years - in 1950 the first 6 YAZ-210E dump trucks were manufactured (according to the plant - ten cars), ^[6] which were directed to the construction of the Volga-Don Canal and the Stalingrad Hydroelectric Station for testing in real-life conditions. And in 1951, the production of biaxial YAZ-200 cars was completely transferred to MAZ, and the Yaroslavl plant launched serial production of the YAZ-210 family of cars ^[2] .

In front of the hood of the car there is a figurine of a bear, like a figurine of a deer in a GAZ-21 Volga car.

Possible Prototypes

Many sources ^{[7] [8] [9]} argue that when designing the YAZ-210, the prototype was the Diamond T 980 tank conveyor supplied with Lend-Lease , from which the frame, transmission, and chassis were allegedly borrowed. However, other sources ^{[5] [6] [10]} prove that the transmission and chassis of the YaAZ-210 cannot have Diamond T 980 as a prototype, since the latter was fundamentally different in the transmission scheme - without an interaxle differential, with a middle axle, ^[11] from which power was transmitted to the rear axle (for YAZ-210, both axles were driven directly from the transfer case into which the interaxle differential was built) ^[4] .

I had nothing to do with the Diamond T 980 and the chassis of the YAZ-210. Its front suspension was borrowed from the YAZ-200 and had a spring seal in rubber cushions ^[4] , while the Diamond T 980 they were attached to the eyes through the fingers and earrings ^[11] . The rear suspension had even greater differences: while in the Diamond T 980, the pushing forces and torque from the rear axles were perceived by six reaction rods, and the springs of the rear bogie were straight and rested freely on top of the axle beams, ^[11] for YAZ-210 springs were made curved and through rubber cushions attached to brackets located below the beam of bridges ^[4] . At the same time, the suspension did not have lower reaction rods, and the springs transmitted pushing forces (from the torques they were unloaded by a pair of upper reaction rods - one per bridge) ^[6] . Interestingly, the Mack NR trucks, ^[12] also supplied to the USSR under Lend-Lease ^[10] , had a similar rear suspension scheme.

The design of the disk wheels of the YaAZ-200 and YAZ-210 trucks also had nothing to do with the diskless wheels of the Mack NR trucks and the diamond wheels of the Diamond T 980 and was rather similar to the wheels used on the German Büssing-NAG L4500 and Daimler-Benz L4500 ^{[10 ]} .

Information about the use of the GMC 6-71 engine, ^{[7] [8]} which was used under the brand name YAZ-206 on YAZ-210 trucks is also erroneous. American sources indicate that the Diamond T 980 used only one engine: a 4-stroke 6-cylinder Hercules DFXE diesel engine with a displacement of 14,660 cm³ and a capacity of 185 liters. with ^[13] . ^[14]

Nevertheless, the design of the Diamond T 980 tractor was partially taken into account when designing the YaAZ-210 three-axle family: the location of the winch on the YAZ-210A truck and the YAZ-210G ballast tractor, as well as the cargo platform on earlier versions of the YAZ-210G, were apparently borrowed from Diamond T 980 ^[10] .

Regarding the cockpit and the plumage, installed in 1944 on the first prototype YAZ-200, there are discrepancies in the sources: it is indicated that they were taken from the Mack LM truck ^[6] or from the Mack NR ^[2] . The explanation is simple: Mack trucks of the NR model starting from the Mack NR4 series received a hood, trim and wings (and the NR6 supplied to the USSR - and a closed cabin) from the commercial L family ^[10] .

Series Production

Serial production of the YAZ-210 family cars began in 1951 and continued through 1958. During this time, the output amounted to:

Since 1957, the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant began production of new models of heavy trucks, which were the modernization of YaAZ-210 family vehicles: the YAZ-210 flatbed truck, the YAZ-210D truck tractor and the YAZ-210E dump truck were replaced by YAZ-219 , YAZ-221 , respectively and YaAZ-222 . The main differences between the machines of the new models from the previous YAZ-210 were a more powerful and reliable engine (designated YAZ-M206 ), in a more spacious cabin. The steering mechanism received a pneumatic booster, and the clutch drive - a spring servo mechanism. The last cars of the YaAZ-210 family were released in 1958.

Based on the general-purpose on-board vehicle YAZ-210, several modifications were created:

• YaAZ-210A - a truck that differed from the base all-metal onboard platform (with folding benches for personnel, with rear folding and extension trellised sides) and a winch located behind the cab (in place of spare wheels). The winch was intended both for pulling out a stuck car and for loading heavy indivisible goods onto the platform. The number of spare wheels decreased to one - it was placed on the left under the platform, in place of one of the fuel tanks (fuel supply was halved). Prototypes were built and tested, but this modification was not transferred to mass production - the reason was insufficient maneuverability due to the long base ^[5] .
• YaAZ-210G is a ballast tractor designed to transport goods weighing up to 40 tons on a special trailer. Had a small metal platform designed for ballast. For loading cargo onto the trailer and unloading it, as well as for pulling out a stuck car, it was equipped with a winch. A winch cable could be released either backward (under the platform) or forward (through the front bumper). The loading platform in the original version was simplified, similar to the Diamond T 980 , with spare wheels in the front. Subsequently, the platform was changed according to the type of YaAZ-210A (equipped with folding benches, a folding rear side and extension trellised sides on the sides and front), refused to install a winch and placed two spare wheels behind the cab ^[5] .
• YaAZ-210D is a truck tractor designed to work with a semitrailer with a loading capacity of up to 40 tons. A winch was installed on the prototypes of the YaAZ-210D truck tractor, but on production vehicles a pair of spare wheels took its place. A feature of the truck tractor was the electrical system, in which “+”, and not “-” was connected to the mass, as on other machines of the YAZ-210 family ^[5] .
• YaAZ-210E is a dump truck with a bucket-type body, which had a protective visor above the cab and a removable tailgate (it was used in the transportation of semi-liquid cargo) ^[5] .

Both the YAZ-210G and YAZ-210D tractors and the YAZ-210E dump truck had a shortened base (4780 mm) and were widely unified with the base model for the main components and assemblies.

In addition to the above modifications, on the basis of the YAZ-210 car since 1957, an all-wheel drive truck YAZ-214 with a carrying capacity of 7 tons was produced. This car received a disconnectable front axle drive, single-wheel rear axle wheels, a more powerful YAZ-206B engine, a new rear suspension and a more spacious cab, which will later be used on the new family replaced YAZ-210, YAZ-210D and YAZ-210E - respectively, YAZ-219 , YAZ-221 and YAZ-222 .

In 1955 and 1956, two prototypes built on the basis of the YaAZ-210 were tested - dump trucks with side unloading: YaAZ-218 (with automatically folding side boards) and YaAZ-218A (with trough-like body). Machines were developed specifically for the construction of power plants ^[15] . Despite the successful results shown by the YaAZ-218 model, these machines did not go into the series ^[5] .

Speaking about the modifications of the YAZ-210, a couple of experimental dump trucks should be mentioned:
At the end of 1952, in the depot of the Kharkov tram and trolleybus department, the so-called trolley trucks were built - trucks with electric motors that receive electricity from trolls . Machines were developed by the Institute of Mining of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR by order of the General Directorate of the Aggregate Industry Five trolley trucks were built on the basis of MAZ-205 dump trucks , and in September 1952 a three-axle trolley truck was built on the basis of the YAZ-210E. Instead of a worn-out two-stroke diesel engine, the car received a DK-202B electric motor (86 kW), and the front part of the MTB-82 trolleybus with its controls, windows and front doors was installed in place of the cab. Trolley transport proved to be quite good in tests, and in 1956 another 6 cars were converted in the same way in the Boguraevsky mine department ^[15] .
And in 1961 (by that time, YaAZ had already stopped producing cars for a year and was transformed into a motor plant), a five-axle dump truck YAZ-210T with a lifting capacity of 25 tons was built in the Balaklava mine department . Of course, due to insufficient maneuverability and weak specific power of this machine, there could be no talk of mass production ^[15] .

Only one car instance is known that has survived to this day - it is an airfield tanker with a TZ-16 semi-trailer (tank capacity of 16 tons of fuel) based on a MAZ-5204 biaxial semi-trailer with a YAZ-210D truck tractor ^[16] . The car was an exhibit of the Fuel Service Museum on the territory of the former Central Fuel Base of the Ministry of Defense in Naro-Fominsk ^[17] . The car was stored in the open air in an unrepaired form (there are no lighting equipment and an emblem, tires were lowered) ^[16] . Currently, the YaAZ-210D instance has been partially restored and, as part of the ChMZAP-5204M semitrailer, the TZ-22 tanker is an exhibit of the open museum site of the Patriot FSAI VPPKiO near the city of Kubinka, Moscow Region.

In the movie

The characteristic appearance of a powerful three-axle machine with a long hood attracted the attention of filmmakers. YaAZ-210 can be seen in a number of Soviet films: “The Extraordinary Adventures of Mishka Strekachev” (1959), “Volunteers” (1959), “Don't Have One Hundred Rubles” (1959), “Katya-Katyusha” (1959) , “The very first” (1962), “Russian Souvenir” (1960), “Big Ore” (1964) and in other paintings ^[5] .

Scale Models

Scale models of the YaAZ-210 flatbed truck, the YaAZ-210G ballast tractor and the YaAZ-210D truck tractor on a scale of 1:43 are manufactured by KAN Studio and Cimmeria. Cimmeria also makes a YAZ-210 PRM-33 fire truck model at a scale of 1:43.

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