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Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy

Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchotherapy (chondroosteoplastic tracheopsthystmia, osteoplastic tracheopathy, pulmonary ossification) is a rare chronic respiratory tract disease characterized by proliferation of cartilage and / or bone tissue with an eye pattern, and the face pattern is applied by means of an eye pattern and is applied by means of an eye by means of an eye by the way out, and the face pattern is applied to the heart by means of an eye pattern and by means of an eye pattern and by means of an eye pattern and by means of an eye pattern, and the face pattern is also used and the face pattern is applied to the heart by using a wrinkle system, an eye pattern is applied . First described at autopsy by Karl Rokitansky in 1855. In the world medical literature, by 1947, only 90 observations of osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy were described, and by 1993 - 340 descriptions of this form of pathology, of which only 3 cases were in Russian-language medical literature [1] [2] . Due to the late development of the clinical manifestations of the disease and the considerable difficulty of lifetime diagnosis, largely due to the ignorance of most doctors, osteochondroplastic tracheobrontopathy in a significant percentage of cases is detected only posthumously at autopsy [3] [4] . As an accidental finding, osteochondroplastic tracheobronhopathy can be diagnosed with tracheal intubation [5] [6] , computed tomography (CT) of the chest organs and fibrobronchoscopy performed according to other indications [7] [8] .

Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy (Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica)
Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy.jpg
The image of the trachea with inclusions of cartilaginous and bone density along its walls during osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy
ICD-10J 39.8 ; J 98.09
ICD-9519.19
OMIM
MeshC536977

Content

History

 
Austrian pathologist Karl Rokitansky (Carl von Rokitansky, 1804–1878), in 1855 for the first time described osteochondroplastic tracheobrontopathy in detail at autopsy
 
British physician Samuel Wilks (Samuel Wilks, 1824–1911), in 1857, the first to give a histological description of osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy

Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy in the world medical literature was first described in detail at autopsy by an Austrian pathologist , a member of the Vienna and Paris Academies of Sciences , a professor of pathological anatomy of the University of Vienna Carl Rokitansky (1804-1878) [9] in 1855 [8] [8] in Vienna [8] [8] [9] and 915 later, by the German anatomist , the director of the anatomical institute of the University of Tubingen , Professor Hubert von Luschka, 1820-1875 [10] [11] in 1856 [4] [8] . The histological description of this pathology was first given by the British doctor Samuel Wilks (Samuel Wilks, 1824–1911) [12] in 1857 [7] [13] [14] . The fundamental doctoral dissertation of the Russian pathologist I. F. Pozharisky (1875-1919) "On the heteroplastic formation of bone tissue" (1904) [15] , in which he examined all the issues of heteroplastic osteoma, was essential in developing methods for diagnosing osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy. The first description of changes in vivo during laryngoscopy was made by HS Muskelton [1] in 1909, after his work and the work of German pathologist Ludwig Aschoff (Karl Albert Ludwig Aschoff, 1866–1942) [16] (1911) the term “tracheopathy” was established in the medical environment . In the Russian medical literature, two cases of osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy were first presented by S. N. Popova in 1911 [17] .

Epidemiology

The frequency of osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy set at autopsy ranges from 1: 400 to 3: 1000 [3] [4] , and as a random finding when performing bronchoscopy for other indications - from 1: 125 to 1: 6000 [7] . Observed between the ages of 23 and 81, but more often in people over 60, with approximately the same frequency in men and women [4] [6] . Described isolated cases of the disease in children [2] [18] [19] . Intravital diagnostics ranges from 3 to 5% [1] , with 90% of cases detected in vivo at present being established with fibrobronchoscopy [20] .

Etiology

The etiology of osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy remains unclear [5] [8] [20] . The main hypotheses of metaplasia of the elastic tissue of the trachea and bronchi in the bone and cartilage are the following:

  1. The congenital origin of these changes [7] [17] ;
  2. Occurrence in connection with chronic bronchitis or with a specific inflammatory process ( tuberculosis , syphilis ) [14] [17] [18] .
  3. It represents ecchondrosis and exostoses associated with tracheal cartilage [1] (a consequence of perichondritis of semirings) [17] [18] .
  4. It is the final stage of primary amyloidosis of the respiratory system [6] [7] [17] [18] .
  5. As a result of a violation of the acid-base balance and subsequent inflammation of the mucous membrane of the tracheal-bronchial tree, leading to the conversion of histiocytes into osteocytes [17] .
  6. Tumor growth by type of multiple osteomas [17] .

Pathogenesis

Currently, the pathogenesis of osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy is not sufficiently developed. It is established that the formation of bone tissue is carried out gradually from the connective tissue: the collagen fibers are combined into bundles, their swelling, hyalinization, calcification in some places. The muted fibroblasts change: they decrease in size, acquire an angular shape. There is an increase in bone volume due to connective tissue. Then the blood vessels grow together with the loose cells of the connective tissue in the bone plates and give rise to the formation of bone marrow cavities with bone marrow elements [2] .

Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy for many years proceeds benign, rarely causing critical stenosis of the respiratory tract. However, a decrease in their diameter and deformation of the lumen with epithelial atrophy causes impaired sputum separation, which contributes to the development of infectious-inflammatory processes in the lung tissue [21] . Against this background, lung cancer may occur [17] [20] .

Pathological Anatomy

Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy often affects the middle and lower thirds of the trachea [19] , its bifurcation [21] and the main lobar and segmental bronchi [4] [18] , isolated tracheal lesion occurs in 80%, only the bronchi - in 5%, the trachea and bronchi at the same time, in 15%, in some cases the larynx is involved in the process [1] [4] [5] [21] [22] .

Macroscopically found dense whitish nodules with irregular outlines protruding above the surface of the mucosa, with a diameter of 1-3 mm (the characteristic pattern of "metal graters"), located exclusively in the cartilage of the trachea and never in the membranous [14] [23] . Such selective localization of pathological changes is characteristic only of osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy and is not observed in other diseases of the respiratory tract [7] [19] [22] . These towering nodules can sometimes merge into cords [18] .

Microscopically in the atrophied submucosal layer of the trachea and bronchi, islet growths of the spongy bone, cartilage, or both are revealed. As a rule, these growths are located between the tracheal rings. The bone tissue of these islets has a mature lamellar structure, but may be coarse-fibrous; bone islands are not associated with previous cartilage, may contain elements of the bone marrow [8] . The cartilaginous tissue of the islets may be fibrous , elastic, or hyaline ; individual sections of the newly formed cartilage are located under the epithelium. Cartilaginous islets, like bone tissue, arise independently of the preexisting cartilage of the trachea or bronchus. Larger cartilaginous foci are localized close to the preexisting cartilage, but, as a rule, are separated from it by the perichondrium zone [18] . The mucosa over the growths is often not changed, but sometimes atrophy and metaplasia of the epithelium in multilayer flat is observed [1] [23] [24] [25] .

Clinical picture

Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy is often asymptomatic, especially in the initial stages [2] [8] . Clinical manifestations are usually associated with a concomitant inflammatory process in the organs of the respiratory system or the development of severe stenosis of the respiratory tract and include a cough with a small amount of sputum (in 54 [26] —66% [22] patients ) airways, increased mucosal sensitivity, disorders of the mucociliary clearance ) [19] , hemoptysis [26] (60%, may be due to ulceration or mutually oppositely disposed friction nodules) [22] , od shku exhale (53%), chest pain. Some patients have recurrent or slow resolving pneumonia [4] [20] and respiratory tract infections [21] [22] . Stridorosis breathing is rarely observed (in 30% of patients) [1] . Sometimes there is hoarseness (with lesions of the larynx) [7] [14] .

Instrumental research

Radiography of the lungs

On radiographs of light pathological changes for many years, as a rule, is not defined [7] [8] [26] . However, in some cases, secondary inflammatory changes in the lungs may be detected by X-ray [4] [14] [17] [20] .

Linear tomography of the larynx, trachea and bronchus

Linear tomography is currently used less and less often due to the widespread use of computed tomography with greater accuracy. Linear tomography of the respiratory tract reveals the “jagged” character of their inner walls [7] [21] .

 
CT scan of the trachea with inclusions of cartilaginous and bone density along its walls during osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy

Computed tomography of the chest organs

Computed tomography identifies chains of protruding cartilage and bone densities protruding into the lumen along the walls of the trachea and bronchi, with deformation and narrowing of the lumen of the entire breathing tube or its individual segments in the cartilage part [2] [8] [17] [23] [25] [26] .

Recently, the virtual bronchoscopy generated on the basis of computed tomography data, which is a non-invasive method of visualization of the tracheobronchial tree, has gained considerable importance in the diagnosis of osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy. Virtual bronchoscopy makes it possible to assess the internal relief of the walls of the trachea and bronchi, including the presence of bumps protruding into their lumen, but does not allow to assess the condition of the mucous membrane or to obtain a biopsy material [19] .

Fibrobronchoscopy

In the initial stage of the disease, single whitish tubercles are visualized, localized on the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea and large bronchi (along the cartilage rings) and having a stony density during instrumental palpation. These changes give the walls of the trachea and large bronchi the appearance of "streaks of frozen wax", "cobblestone pavement" or "rock garden" [6] [8] [17] .

With the further development of the disease, the trachea and the large bronchi appear as hard, rigid tubes, approaching the density of the bone tissue. The mouths of the main bronchi, whose mobility is sharply reduced, are visualized as narrow rings with whitish cicatricial edges. Dense whitish tubercles along the cartilaginous rings sometimes merge with each other. These formations can hang down into the lumen of the trachea and bronchi as stalactites, the contact with them of the end of the bronchoscope causes a characteristic scratching sound (“the sound of cobblestone pavement”). The lumen of the trachea is narrowed and deformed. In a significant amount there is a mucous or mucopurulent secret. The mucous membrane is tightly soldered to the underlying tissues, which is determined by instrumental palpation, and its contact bleeding is moderate. Because of the pronounced tissue density, taking a biopsy is difficult [2] [6] [19] [23] , and therefore, to obtain more adequate tissue fragments, it is advisable to use a rigid (hard) bronchoscope, the instrument channel of a larger diameter which allows larger biopsy forceps to pass [7] . Obtaining a sufficiently informative biopsy material for morphological research is possible, as a rule, only after several attempts [17] .

Spirometry

The main indicators of respiratory function, determined by spirometry in patients with osteochondroplastic tracheobronhopathy, may be within normal limits or correspond to the obstructive version of the flow-volume curve [6] [14] . When testing with bronchodilatars, an increase in functional parameters occurs by an amount not exceeding 15% of the initial values, which indicates the predominance of organic (narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory tract protruding tubercles), and not functional ( bronchospasm ) changes in these patients [4] .

Magnetic resonance imaging of the chest organs

With magnetic resonance imaging of the chest, diffuse thickening of the walls of the trachea and bronchi with an intermediate signal intensity is determined, as well as point areas of low signal intensity corresponding to calcified tissues [14] .

Differential Diagnosis

Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy needs to be differentiated with tumors of various origins, tracheobronchial cephyllomatosis , endobronchial sarcoidosis , tracheobronchial amyloidosis , calcified endobronchial tuberculosis , as well as fungal infections, granulomatosis , asymptomatic Making a final diagnosis is possible only according to the results of a histological examination [1] [7] .

Treatment

There are no specific methods for treating osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy [7] . Symptomatic treatment, mainly aimed at eliminating the concomitant inflammatory process in the bronchi (alkaline ultrasonic inhalations , rehabilitation bronchoscopy, mucolytic and antibacterial drugs ) [5] . Corticosteroids and desensitizing drugs have a beneficial effect in some cases [17] . With significant stenosis of the lumen of the trachea and large bronchi, the following surgical methods can be used [26] :

  1. Cryotherapy [1] [19] .
  2. Laser therapy [8] [19] [20] .
  3. Elimination of bronchial obstruction by bougienage with fibrobronchoscopy [1] .
  4. Endoscopic removal of sites causing stenosis in case of rigid bronchoscopy using biopsy forceps [14] [19] ;
  5. Endotracheal or endobronchial stent placement [14] [22] .

Forecast

The prognosis of the disease is often favorable [6] [19] . Perhaps the slow progression of the disease [5] , as well as the spontaneous cessation of the appearance of new bone and calcareous tracheobronchial formations [18] . Significant progression of osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy is observed in approximately 17% of cases [19] . Stenosis of the respiratory tract, requiring surgical intervention, rarely develop [6] [17] .

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chernyaev A. L., Novikov Yu. K., Belevsky A. S., Samsonova M. V. Osteochondroplasticheskaya tracheobronkhopatiya (Rus.) // Pulmonology. - M .: Scientific-practical journal "Pulmonology", 1994. - № 2 . - p . 79-81 . - ISSN 0869-0189 .
  2. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chernekhovskaya N. E., Fedchenko G. G., Andreev V. G., Povalyayev A. V. Osteochondroplasticheskoy tracheobrontopathy // X-ray endoscopic diagnosis of respiratory diseases. - M .: MEDpress-inform, 2007. - p. 182-184. - 240 s. - 2000 copies - ISBN 5-98322-308-9 .
  3. ↑ 1 2 Volkova L.I., Paderov Yu.M., Vildanova L.R. Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy: a clinical and morphological observation (Rus.) // Pulmonology. - M .: Scientific-practical journal "Pulmonology", 2006. - № 1 . - p . 117-118 . - ISSN 0869-0189 .
  4. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Lundgren R., Stjernberg NL Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. A clinical bronchoscopic and spirometric study (English) // Chest. - United States: American College of Chest Physicians, 1981. - Vol. 80 , no. 6 - P. 706-709 . - ISSN 0012-3692 . - DOI : 10.1378 / chest.80.6.706 . - PMID 7307593 .
  5. 2 1 2 3 4 5 Gurunathan U. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: a rare cause of difficult intubation (Eng.) // British Journal of Anesthesia. - United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2010. - Vol. 104 , no. 6 - P. 787-788 . - ISSN 0007-0912 . - DOI : 10.1093 / bja / aeq107 . - PMID 20460576 .
  6. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Thomas D., Stonell C., Hasan K. Tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica: incidental finding at tracheal intubation (English) // British Journal of Anesthesia. - United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2001. - Vol. 87 , no. 3 P. 515-517 . - ISSN 0007-0912 . - DOI : 10.1093 / bja / 87.3.515 . - PMID 11517145 .
  7. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Chroneou A., Zias N., Gonzalez AV, Beamis JF Jr. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. An underrecognized entity? (English) // Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease. - Italy: PI-ME Tipografia Editrice srl, 2008. - Vol. 69 , no. 2 - P. 65-69 . - ISSN 1122-0643 . - PMID 18837419 .
  8. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Doshi H., Thankachen R., Philip MA, Kurien S., Shukla V., Korula RJ Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica and English) // The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. - United States: Mosby, 2005. - Vol. 130 , no. 3 - P. 901-902 . - ISSN 0022-5223 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.jtcvs.2005.01.020 . - PMID 16153955 .
  9. ↑ Serov V.V. Rokitansky Karl // Large Medical Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes / Editor-in-Chief B. V. Petrovsky . - 3rd edition. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1984. - T. 22. Solvents - Sugars. - p. 369-370. - 544 s. - 150 800 copies
  10. ↑ Krylova N. V. Lushka Hubert // Big Medical Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes / Editor-in-chief B. V. Petrovsky . - 3rd edition. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1980. - T. 13. Lenin and Health - Medicine. - p. 318-319. - 552 s. - 150 600 copies
  11. ↑ Hubert von Luschka ( Neopr .) . Whonamedit? . The appeal date is June 18, 2013. Archived June 18, 2013.
  12. ↑ Pearce JMS Sir Samuel Wilks (1824–1911): 'The Most Philosophical of English Physicians' (English) // European neurology. - Switzerland: S. Karger AG, 2009. - Vol. 61 , no. 2 - P. 119-123 . - ISSN 0014-3022 . - DOI : 10.1159 / 000180315 . - PMID 19066431 .
  13. ↑ Baird RB, Macartney JN Tracheopathia osteoplastica (Eng.) // Thorax. - United Kingdom: BMJ Publishing Group, 1966. - Vol. 21 , no. 4 - P. 321–324 . - ISSN 0040-6376 . - DOI : 10.1136 / thx.21.4.321 . - PMID 5968119 .
  14. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Al-Busaidi N., Dhuliya D., Habibullah Z. Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica: Case report and literature review (English) // Sultan Qaboos University medical journal. - Oman: Muscat: Sultan Qaboos University, 2012. - Vol. 12 , no. 1 . - P. 109-112 . - ISSN 2075-051X . - PMID 22375267 .
  15. ↑ Smolyannikov A. V. Pozharisky Iosif Fomich // Big Medical Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes / Editor-in-chief B. V. Petrovsky . - 3rd edition. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1983. - T. 20. Pneumopexy - Prednisolone. - p. 105. - 560 s. - 150 800 copies
  16. ↑ Karl Albert Ludwig Aschoff ( Neopr .) . Whonamedit? . The date of circulation is June 9, 2013. Archived June 10, 2013.
  17. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Kuzmin I. V. Osteochondroplasticheskaya tracheopathy // Trachea tumors. - M. , 1999. - pp. 155–158. - 170 s.
  18. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vinogradova TP Tracheobronchopathy chondroosteoplastic // Great Medical Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes / Editor-in-chief B. V. Petrovsky . - 3rd edition. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1985. - T. 25. Tennis - Carbonic acid. - p. 228-229. - 544 s. - 150 000 copies
  19. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Jindal S., Nath A., Neyaz Z., Jaiswal S. Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica - A rare or an overlooked entity? (English) // Journal of Radiology Case Reports. - United States: EduRad Publishing, 2013. - Vol. 7 , no. 3 - P. 16-25 . - ISSN 1943-0922 . - DOI : 10.3941 / jrcr.v7i3.1305 . - PMID 23705042 .
  20. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shigematsu Y., Sugio K., Yasuda M., Sugaya M., Ono K., Takenoyama M., Hanagiri T., Yasumoto K. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica occurring in a subsegmental bronchus and obstructive pneumonia ( English) // The Annals of thoracic surgery. - France: Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., 2005. - Vol. 80 , no. 5 - P. 1936-1938 . - ISSN 0003-4975 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.athoracsur.2004.06.101 . - PMID 16242495 .
  21. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Fedoseev G. B. Osteoplastic tracheobronhopathy // Guide to pulmonology / Edited by Putova N. V., Fedoseeva G. B. - 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. - L .: Medicine, 1984. - p. 145-146. - 456 s. - 50 000 copies
  22. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tatar D., Senol G., Demir A., ​​Polat G. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: four cases (English) // Chinese Medical Journal. - China: Zhonghua Yixeuehui Zazhishe / Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, 2012. - Vol. 125 , no. 16 - P. 2942-2944 . - ISSN 0366-6999 . - PMID 22932095 .
  23. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Matsuba T., Andoh K., Hirota N., Hara N. CT diagnosis of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (English) // Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases. - Switzerland: Karger AG, 2001. - Vol. 68 , no. 2 - P. 200 . - ISSN 0025-7931 . - DOI : 10.1159 / 000050492 . - PMID 11287836 .
  24. ↑ Likhachev A.G., Bykova V.P., Krivorak S.M., Krylova I.V., Perelman M.I. , Rabkin I.H. Trachea // Big Medical Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes / Editor-in-Chief B V. Petrovsky . - 3rd edition. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1985. - T. 25. Tennis - Carbonic acid. - p. 233–239. - 544 s. - 150 000 copies
  25. ↑ 1 2 Matsuba T., Komori M., Matsunaga R., Andoh K., Hirota N., Hara N. A case of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica diagnosed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy upon an aspirated crown (eng.) // Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy. - United States of America: Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2001. - Vol. 7 , no. 2 - P. 63-67 . - ISSN 1070-3608 . - DOI : 10.1155 / DTE.7.63 . - PMID 18493548 .
  26. 2 1 2 3 4 5 Huang CC, Kuo CC Chronic cough: tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (Eng.) // CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal. - Canada: Canadian Medical Association, 2010. - Vol. 182 , no. 18 - P. E859 . - ISSN 0820-3946 . - DOI : 10.1503 / cmaj.091762 . - PMID 20921250 .

Literature

  • Vinogradova, T.P. Chondroosteoplastic tracheobronchopathy // Big Medical Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes / Editor-in-chief B. V. Petrovsky . - 3rd edition. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1985. - T. 25. Tennis - Carbonic acid. - p. 228-229. - 544 s. - 150 000 copies
  • Volkova L.I., Paderov Yu.M., Vildanova L.R. Osteochondroplastic tracheobronchopathy: clinical and morphological observation (Rus.) // Pulmonology. - M .: Scientific-practical journal "Pulmonology", 2006. - № 1 . - p . 117-118 . - ISSN 0869-0189 .
  • Kuzmin I.V. Osteochondroplasticheskaya tracheopatiya // Trachea tumors. - M. , 1999. - pp. 155–158. - 170 s.
  • G. B. Fedoseev. Osteoplastic tracheobronchopathy // Manual of pulmonology / Edited by Putova N. V., Fedoseeva G. B. - 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. - L .: Medicine, 1984. - p. 145-146. - 456 s. - 50 000 copies
  • Chernekhovskaya N. E., Fedchenko G. G., Andreev V. G., Povalyayev A. V. Osteochondroplasticheskoy tracheobronhopathy // X-ray endoscopic diagnosis of respiratory diseases. - M .: MEDpress-inform, 2007. - p. 182-184. - 240 s. - 2000 copies - ISBN 5-98322-308-9 .
  • Chernyaev A.L., Novikov Yu.K., Belevsky A.S., Samsonova M.V. Osteochondroplasticheskaya tracheobronkhopatiya (Rus.) // Pulmonology. - M .: Scientific-practical journal "Pulmonology", 1994. - № 2 . - p . 79-81 . - ISSN 0869-0189 .
  • Al-Busaidi N., Dhuliya D., Habibullah Z. Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica: Case report and literature review (English) // Sultan Qaboos University medical journal. - Oman: Muscat: Sultan Qaboos University, 2012. - Vol. 12 , no. 1 . - P. 109-112 . - ISSN 2075-051X . - PMID 22375267 .
  • Baird RB, Macartney JN Tracheopathia osteoplastica (English) // Thorax. - United Kingdom: BMJ Publishing Group, 1966. - Vol. 21 , no. 4 - P. 321–324 . - ISSN 0040-6376 . - DOI : 10.1136 / thx.21.4.321 . - PMID 5968119 .
  • Chroneou A., Zias N., Gonzalez AV, Beamis JF Jr. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. An underrecognized entity? (English) // Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease. - Italy: PI-ME Tipografia Editrice srl, 2008. - Vol. 69 , no. 2 - P. 65-69 . - ISSN 1122-0643 . - PMID 18837419 .
  • Doshi H., Thankachen R., Philip MA, Kurien S., Shukla V., Korula RJ Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica nibule and the lobster bronchus with the upper lobe collapse (English) // The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. - United States: Mosby, 2005. - Vol. 130 , no. 3 - P. 901-902 . - ISSN 0022-5223 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.jtcvs.2005.01.020 . - PMID 16153955 .
  • Gurunathan U. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: a rare cause of difficult intubation (English) // British Journal of Anesthesia. - United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2010. - Vol. 104 , no. 6 - P. 787-788 . - ISSN 0007-0912 . - DOI : 10.1093 / bja / aeq107 . - PMID 20460576 .
  • Huang CC, Kuo CC Chronic cough: tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (Eng.) // CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal. - Canada: Canadian Medical Association, 2010. - Vol. 182 , no. 18 - P. E859 . - ISSN 0820-3946 . - DOI : 10.1503 / cmaj.091762 . - PMID 20921250 .
  • Jindal S., Nath A., Neyaz Z., Jaiswal S. Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica - A rare or an overlooked entity? (English) // Journal of Radiology Case Reports. - United States: EduRad Publishing, 2013. - Vol. 7 , no. 3 - P. 16-25 . - ISSN 1943-0922 . - DOI : 10.3941 / jrcr.v7i3.1305 . - PMID 23705042 .
  • Lundgren R., Stjernberg NL Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. A clinical bronchoscopic and spirometric study (English) // Chest. - United States: American College of Chest Physicians, 1981. - Vol. 80 , no. 6 - P. 706-709 . - ISSN 0012-3692 . - DOI : 10.1378 / chest.80.6.706 . - PMID 7307593 .
  • Matsuba T., Andoh K., Hirota N., Hara N. CT diagnosis of tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (eng.) // Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases. - Switzerland: Karger AG, 2001. - Vol. 68 , no. 2 - P. 200 . - ISSN 0025-7931 . - DOI : 10.1159 / 000050492 . - PMID 11287836 .
  • Matsuba T., Komori M., Matsunaga R., Andoh K., Hirota N., Hara N. A case of the tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica diagnosed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy upon an aspirated crown (English) // Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy. - United States of America: Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2001. - Vol. 7 , no. 2 - P. 63-67 . - ISSN 1070-3608 . - DOI : 10.1155 / DTE.7.63 . - PMID 18493548 .
  • Shigematsu Y., Sugio K., Yasuda M., Sugaya M., Ono K., Takenoyama M., Hanagiri T., Yasumoto K. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica occurring in a subsegmental bronchus and not obstructive pneumonia (English) // The Annals of thoracic surgery. - France: Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., 2005. - Vol. 80 , no. 5 - P. 1936-1938 . - ISSN 0003-4975 . - DOI : 10.1016 / j.athoracsur.2004.06.101 . - PMID 16242495 .
  • Tatar D., Senol G., Demir A., ​​Polat G. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: four cases (English) // Chinese Medical Journal. - China: Zhonghua Yixeuehui Zazhishe / Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, 2012. - Vol. 125 , no. 16 - P. 2942-2944 . - ISSN 0366-6999 . - PMID 22932095 .
  • Thomas D., Stonell C., Hasan K. Tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica: incidental finding at tracheal intubation (Eng.) // British Journal of Anesthesia. - United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2001. - Vol. 87 , no. 3 P. 515-517 . - ISSN 0007-0912 . - DOI : 10.1093 / bja / 87.3.515 . - PMID 11517145 .
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osteochondroplasticheskaya_tracheobronhopathy&oldid=100004292


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