Ground-beetle ground beetle [3] ( lat. Cychrus caraboides ) - a species of ground beetles from the subfamily of ground beetles proper . Four subspecies are known: the nominative subspecies ( C. c. Caraboides ), widespread in Europe and Russia (from the central and northern European parts to the central Urals ) [2] , C. c. costai - in Italy , C. c. laticollis and C. c. zariquieyi - in Spain [1] .
| Snail-eating ground beetle |
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| Scientific classification |
|---|
| No rank : | Bilateral symmetrical |
| Subtype : | Tracheo-breathing |
| Infraclass : | Winged insects |
| Treasure : | Fully Transformed Insects |
| Suborder : | Carnivorous beetles |
| View: | Snail-eating ground beetle |
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| International scientific name |
|---|
Cychrus caraboides ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) |
| Synonyms |
|---|
- Tenebrio rostratus Linnaeus, 1761 [1]
- Cychrus hoppei Ganglbauer, 1891 [1]
- Cychrus pygmaeus Chaudoir, 1837 [1]
- Cychrus pyrenaeus Kraatz, 1879 [1]
- Cychrus coadunatus DeGeer, 1774 [2]
- Cychrus rostratus [1]
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| Subspecies |
|---|
- Cychrus caraboides caraboides (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Cychrus caraboides costai Emery, 1872
- Cychrus caraboides laticollis jeanne, 1972
- Cychrus caraboides zariquieyi Born, 1924
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Content
The body length of adult insects is 14-21 mm [1] [4] [5] . The beetle is all plain, black [6] [7] .
The following characters are characteristic of adults of this species [4] [8] :
- head and mandibles protruding; palps long, with expanded last segment, especially manifested in males;
- antennae and legs long;
- pronot flat, at wrinkled points;
- on elytra there are no chains and tubercles; in small grains.
In case of danger, the bug emits creaking sound signals as a warning sign and to scare away predators [9] . The frequency of this sound is about 80 Hz [10] .
They live in forests ( deciduous and coniferous , taiga ), forest-steppes and upland heathers [7] [8] . Adult insects spend time alone or in pairs under dumped rotting trees [7] or under tree bark [4] . Individuals - oligophages [11] , feed mainly on snails , completely eating them inside the shell, as well as slugs [7] . Larvae have a narrow and elongated body, adapted for hunting snails, especially on representatives of Oxychilis [4] .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Systematics and synonymy (English) . BioLib. Date of treatment December 11, 2011.
- ↑ 1 2 Distribution and taxonomy . Website "Carabidae of the World" (carabidae.pro). Date of treatment December 11, 2011. Archived on September 6, 2012.
- ↑ Gorbunov P. Yu., Olshvang V.N. Beetles of the Middle Urals: A Guide-Guide. - Yekaterinburg: Sokrat, 2008. - S. 43. - 384 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Information . Website "thewcg.org.uk". Date of treatment December 11, 2011. Archived on September 6, 2012.
- ↑ Carabidae (ground beetles ) . Website "bumblebee.org". Date of treatment December 11, 2011. Archived on September 6, 2012.
- ↑ Key to insects of the European part of the USSR. T. II. Coleoptera and fan-winged. / under total. ed. Corr. G. Ya. Bey-Bienko . - M. - L .: “Science”, 1965. - S. 43. - 668 p. - (Keys to the fauna of the USSR, published by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ; issue 89.). - 5700 copies.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Ecology and distribution. The photo. (eng.) . Ground Beetles of Ireland website (habitas.org.uk). Date of treatment December 11, 2011. Archived on September 6, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 A.K. Stallions. Key to ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the Republic of Tatarstan . - Kazan, 2000 .-- S. 49 .-- 74 p.
- ↑ Photo and recording of the protest sound emitted by the male Cychrus caraboides . (Russian) . Website "entomology.narod.ru". Date of treatment December 11, 2011. Archived on September 6, 2012.
- ↑ Claridge M. F. Stridulation and defensive behavior in the ground beetle, Cychrus caraboides (L.) (Eng.) // Journal of Entomology Series A, General Entomology. - 1974. - Vol. 49 , iss. 1 . - P. 7-15 . DOI : 10.1111 / j.1365-3032.1974.tb00062.x
- ↑ Magura T, Tóthmérész B & Elek Z ,. Effects of Leaf-litter Addition on Carabid Beetles in a Non-native Norway Spruce Plantation (Eng.) // Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. - 2004. - Vol. 50 , no. 1 . - P. 9-23 .
- Berlov Oleg. Scans of the imago (Russian) . ZIN RAS website (zin.ru). Date of treatment December 11, 2011. Archived on May 17, 2012.
- Grebennikov K.A. Scanogram (Russian) . ZIN RAS website (zin.ru). Date of treatment December 11, 2011. Archived on May 17, 2012.
